Posts Tagged ‘Antique Tables’

BOWL IN DARK RED GLASS, ENAMELLED AND GILT
Byzantine, i ith-t2th century A.D.Ht. 79 mm (3*13 in.)
Theophilus, describing ‘how the Greeks
embellish with Gold and Silver’, said ‘they
take the white, red and green glass, whicb
are used for enamels, and carefully grind
each one separately with water on a
porphyry stone. With them they paint
small flowers and scrolls . . .’. He went on
to describe the furnace in which they fired
window glass, including painted glass, and
specified that the glass be bedded down on
quick-lime. Vasari, who wrote an account
of the stained glass technique of Gugliel-
imo de Marcillat (d.1529) stressed that
‘this burning in of the colours requires the
greatest caution, for if the heat be too great
it will cause the glass to crack, and if
insufficient it will not fix the colours’. To
test the enamel, Theophilus suggested
that you should ’see if you can scratch off
the colour with your nail’. Glasses of the
type described by Theophilus are known,
dating from the 1 ith to the 12th centuries;
one of them is illustrated.
VASE WITH ENAMELLING AND GILDING
Syria, Ј.1320-30 A.D. Ht. 302 mm (11 88 in.)
(See also colour photograph 11)
Not until the 13th and 14th centuries was
the next high point in the history of
enamelling reached, with the great Islamic
mosque lamps and other vessels produced
in the near East, particularly in Syria.
Besides the weli-known lamps which
adorned Moslem holy places, the Syrian
enamellers decorated such objects as
footed bowls, sprinklers, globes, beakers
and long-necked bottles. The vase illus-
trated is decorated with golden arabesques
and fish motifs finely outlined in red. The
inscription round the widest point of the
vessel repeats the words ‘The Wise’
(referring to the God of Mohammed). The
medallions around the neck of the vase
probably contain the armorial symbol of
the nobleman who commissioned the
object. The glass itself is not clear and
colourless, for most of the Islamic glass of
that time is of a brownish or greenish tint,
often clouded with bubbles.
Adding: The Skill of the Decorator
In Islam the art of enamelling came to
maturity from the 13th century, the finest
work being done in Syria. The lamps in
Egyptian mosques exported from Syria
are the most famous examples of all the
Islamic enamelled glass. Strictly speaking,
these objects are lamp-holders or lanterns
rather than lamps, for they enclosed an
oil-vessel which provided the illumination.
They were suspended from the roof of the
mosque by chains which, when the roof
was high, passed through a glass globe or
ball, from where the chains radiated to the
handles of the lamp. Enamelled glass was
used for these lamps, not only for its
obvious decorative effect, but because the
Koran said, ‘God is the light of the
Heavens and the Earth: His light is as a
niche in which is a lamp, the lamp in a
glass, the glass as it were a glittering star’.
Many reproductions of mosque lamps
were made at the end of the 19th century.
Unfortunately, like the Romans, the Is-
lamic glass-making artists left no written
record of the craft which they practised
with such very great skill. It is not until
the 15th century that a contemporary
record of enamelling techniques is found,
but from that time, especially with the
advent of printing, there is no lack of
written evidence. Enamelling on glass was
a speciality of the Venetian glass-makers,
a technique which they developed during
the 15th century, probably reaching tech-
nical maturity by the middle of the
century. In all essentials their enamelling
technique was similar to that of the
Islamic artists, yet it would appear that the
Venetians independently re-invented en-
amelling on glass—possibly borrowing the
idea from the Italian worker in metal. By-
tradition the invention has been ascribed
to the glass-maker Angelo Baroviero.
Throughout the 15th century the coloured
glass the Venetians had invented—blue,
green, white, purple and turquoise—was
richly enamelled and gilded.
GOBLET IN  COLOURED GLASS
ENAMELLED DECORATION
Venice. Italy, late 15th 10 early 16th century
By the beginning of the 16th century the
fashion in Venice for coloured glass had
given way to a desire for clear colourless
glass. Enamelling, along with other forms
of decoration, was usually found on clear
glass specimens from this time, although
the clear metal was far less suited to the
technique. The pictorial work which had
been used so much on coloured glass soon
disappeared, and enamelling was restricted
to a few simple motifs. A favourite of these
was a form of scale pattern in bead-like
dots of enamelling and light gilding,
through which lines were scratched, al-
though simple bands of coloured dots were
sometimes the sole decoration of the piece.
Another familiar motif of the late 15th-
and early 16th-century glasses resembled
a lily-of-the-vallcy or a small fruit with a
calyx attached, as on the goblet illustrated.
This goblet also helps to show how the
Venetians combined their coloured and
clear glass in one vessel.
Although representational painting was no
longer the fashion by the beginning of the
16th century, a transitional phase is
represented by a series of glasses enamelled
with grotesque ornamentation built up
from patterns of flowers, leaves, animal
and human-like forms. Armorial glasses
were probably among the latest Venetian
work in the technique of enamelling. A
shield of arms or an emblem would be
added to the few simple decorative motifs
that were now in use on clear colourless
glass, and at their best, these were very
well drawn, as in the dish illustrated.
However, in some cases there is reason to
suspect that the shields were later addi-
tions. Venetian taste, now inclining to-
wards the new, clear colourless metal,
began to appreciate glass for its own sake
and to be interested more in its quality and
beauty of shape than in its added decora-
tion. By the middle of the 16th century the
technique of enamelling, apart from wares
made for export, had virtually passed out
of fashion in Italy.
beaker with enamelled decoration
Made in Venice for the German market, 1603
Ht. 267 mm (105 in.)
Reuhsadlerhumpen, pale green glass with
enamelled decoration
Bohemia, 1654. Ht. 200 mm (11-4 in.)
Although enamelling became unfashion-
able in Italy, it remained a favourite form
of decoration in Germany until the second
half of the 18th century. The earliest
enamelled glasses thai might have a claim
to being German are some cylindrical
beakers commonly bearing German arms,
but it is now thought that these were
ordered from Venice by German buyers.
The beaker illustrated, inscribed ‘Roccho
Grasl’, is a typical late example of the type.
The most productive enamelling work-
shops in the late 16th and early 17th
centuries were situated in Bohemia,
whence the craft was carried to Germany
by emigrant workmen. German enamel-
ling, with its bold colours, has the attrac-
tiveness of a peasant art, but the enamels
used were not of fine quality nor were the
drawings of any distinction. The glass
itself was relatively poor, and only a few
shapes were attempted: the tall Stangen-
glas, the cylindrical Humpen, jugs, beakers,
and screw-topped spirit flasks.
The subjects used by the German enam-
ellers for the most part belong to peasant
art. Gonventional portraits, simplified
landscapes, scenes of artisans at work,
guild processions, satirical subjects, alle-
gories and inscriptions, usually illiterate
and sometimes obscene, are common.
Biblical subjects, the Emperor and the
Seven Electors and the Reichsadler are also
depicted on these glasses. The Reichsadler
is the Imperial double-eagle, bearing on
its wings the arms with names of a fanciful
hierarchy of the Holy Roman Empire; the
arms are arranged in groups of four in the
so-called Quaternion system derived from
Schedel’s Wellkronik of 1483. They begin
with those of Rome and the three spiritual
Electors (Treves, Cologne, Mayence),
balanced by the four temporal ones
(Bavaria, Brandenburg, Saxony, Palatin-
ate), ending with four ‘Dorffer’ and four
‘Birg’. The Reichsadlerhumpen may have
had some contemporary significance, since
they originated during the strife of the
Thirty Years’ War. The Retchsadler and
the ‘Elector’ glasses remained popular for
a long period.
Adding: The Skill of the Decorator
In the guild regulations of the glass-
makers of Krcibitz in Bohemia (1669) one
of the tasks set the aspiring craftsman was
to ‘prepare with colours an Imperial
Eagle, with all its members, in one and a
half days’. This referred to the Reich-
sadlerhumpen, which most likely had to be
fired more than once, those enamels which
required a higher temperature being fired
before the ones which fluxed at a lower
heat In all essentials the contemporary
descriptions of enamelling agree with each
other, the cakes or beads of enamel being
pounded on marble or porphyry, [he
powder thus resulting being washed and
applied to the already annealed glass vessel
and the glass being carefully reheated so
that the enamels fused to it successfully. It
would seem that enamelled vessel-glass
began to be fired in special ‘muffle kilns’
rather than in the glass furnace itself by
the end of the 17th century. As in ordinary
coloured glass, metal oxides were used to
give the enamels their various colours.
‘SchwarzloT, or black enamelling on glass
was a Dutch invention originally used lor
the decoration of windows; it spread into
Northern Germany, and was developed b\
Johann Schaper in the third quarter ol the
17th century. Schaper was born at Ham-
burg in 1621, was at Nuremberg from
1655, at Ratisbon in 1664 and died in 1670.
Originally a painter of stained window-
glass, he was the first of the South German
llausmaler or independent artists, obtain-
ing undecorated glass and pottery and
decorating it to Ins own invention. I le used
copper oxide mixed with black enamel
pigment, painting this on to the glass ahd
then scratching his design through it with
a needle in the manner of the stained-glass
painter. He painted mainly in black, with
slight touches of red and gold. In the
beaker illustrated he used for inspiration
an engraving of a gypsy procession by
Jacques Callot (1592-1635; Callot’s work,
depicting scenes of Italian life with fan-
tastic caricature, was very popular in the
17th and 18th centuries).
Adding: The Skill of the Decorator
Johann Schaper gained some followers,
one of whom, like himself, was a window-
glass painter. This was Johann Ludwig
Paber, who also painted faience. Herman
Benckcrtt of Frankfort-on-Main was an-
other of Schapers known followers. The
Humpen illustrated is a remarkably fine
example of the Schwarzlot technique,
probably the work of one of Schaper’s
imitators. The scene shows a man being
pushed into a pigsty by a laughing and
gesticulating crowd—presumably for
drunkenness, for the Latin inscription on
the reverse is a diatribe against drinking.
After 1700 the Schwarzlot technique was
carried on in Bohemia and Silesia by
independent decorators. Though they
were using the same medium, in style and
subject their work was very different.
They concentrated on landscapes, hunting
scenes, warriors and scenes from peasant
life, then replaced these by scroll-and-
strap-work, Chinese figures, putti and
fantastic animals.
In Spain a distinct style of enamelling
glass emerged in the late 15th, 16th and
early 17th centuries. It originated in
Barcelona, where glass-makers were in
considerable rivalry with Venice towards
the end of the 15th century. The most
important product of the Barcelona crafts-
men was their enamelled ware, which
surprisingly showed a complete inde-
pendence of Venetian models. The colours
they used for their enamels were notably a
light yellowish-green, in combination with
yellow, white and lavender blue, and
occasionally they used touches of black,
red and brown. Their style of enamelling
has been described as primitive, but also
as powerful in design. The motifs they
used were Near-Eastern in feeling, such as
stylised trees, arabesque foliage, running
animals and pairs of birds. Occasionally,
figures in 16th-century European costume
were used. The vase illustrated was a
favourite shape, showing a typical motif
resembling a small fruit with calyx attached
which was also found on Venetian glass.
Enamelled decoration on glass, though
familiar on the Continent from the 15th
century onwards, was apparently never
attempted in England until the middle of
the 18th century. Two types of enamelling
emerged in the third quarter of the 18th
century, one practised by the Beilby
family of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the
other practised on the opaque white glass
of the period (see Opaque White Glass).
William Beilby (1740-1819) and his sister
Mary (1749-97) were recorded by Thomas
Bewick, the wood-engraver, to have ‘had
constant employment of enamel-painting
of glass’. William had learned the art of
enamelling in Birmingham, and proceeded
to enamel glasses from about 1762. At
what point Mary joined him in his work is
not known, for their glasses are signed
simply ‘Beilby’. Their brother Ralph
Beilby (1743—1817), to whom Thomas
Bewick was apprenticed, may have had
some influence on their work through his
knowledge of heraldic engraving.
The first Beilby enamelled work was of an
heraldic nature, in both white and coloured
enamel on glasses or goblets with ogee or
bucket-shaped bowls. The Beilbys’ style
changed about 1774, and subjects such as
scenes of hunting, fishing and shooting,
pastoral scenes including ruins, and Chin-
ese subjects appeared, the shapes of the
glasses becoming more diverse. Colours
were not always used on these glasses, and
the subjects were often rendered in white
monochrome, sometimes with a faint tint
of blue or pink. Occasionally they followed
the motifs found on engraved glasses of the
period, such as hops, barley and the flower-
ing vine. Beilby glasses more often than
not have an opaque white enamel-twist
stem. Thomas Bewick became attached to
Mary Beilby, who unfortunately in her
early twenties suffered a paralytic stroke.
The brother and sister left Newcastle-on-
Tyne after the death of their mother in
1778, and went to Fife in Scotland, where
apparently they did not continue their
work.
Hi. 105 mm (4-15 in.)
BEAKER WITH CUTTING, GILDING AND
ENAMEL PAINTING
By Anton kothgasser, Vienna, Austria, r.1825
Hi. 115 mm (4-5 in.)
Many drinking and souvenir glasses with
translucent enamelling still exist which
were decorated by Samuel Mohn (horn
1762 in Weissenfels, died 1815 in Dresden)
and his son, Gottlob Samuel Mohn (born
1789 in Weissenfels and died 1825 in
Vienna). Their chief technical innovation
was the preparation of transparent enam-
els, in contrast with the heavy opaque
enamels used particularly in the 16th and
17th centuries. Samuel Mohn had pre-
viously been a painter of silhouettes on
porcelain. His son, who secured the
patronage of the Emperor, painted sil-
houettes on glass tumblers, as well as views
and allegorical figure-subjects. The Mohns
were among the first to cater for the market
for mementoes caused by the revival of
travel for its own sake, after the finish of
the Napoleonic wars. They worked on a
large scale, helped by apprentices, and
using transfer printing for outlines to
speed up the process, but the delicacy of
their paintings, usually on glasses in the
Ranfthecher form, makes these a worthy
item for collectors.
The Mohns’ discovery of transparent
enamels was further improved by a Vien-
nese porcelain and glass decorator, Anton
Kothgasser (1769-1851). He was a painter
from the Imperial Porcelain Factory, who
started working on stained glass with
Gottlob Mohn. He managed to make his
colours more brilliant than the Mohns’,
and made full use of yellow stain, or the
stain made from a compound of silver, as
used on stained glass windows. His glasses
are usually waistcd, with a heavy cut base
and sometimes lavishly gilt, as in the one
illustrated. Views of towns, portraits,
genre scenes and flowers, sometimes
copied, are featured in his work. His
glasses have been described as the finest
examples of the Viennese Biedermewr
style. Kothgasser and the Mohns had
many pupils and many imitators. In the-
same movement was Franz Anton Siebel
(1777-1842) of Lichtenfels in Upper
Franconia.
PERFUME BOTTLE IN COLOURLESS GLASS,
ENAMELLED AND GILT
Emile Galle, France, dated 1880
I li 157 mm (613 in.)
‘CROWN MILANO’ EWER WITH ROPE HANDLE
Ml. Washington Glass Company, U.S.A.
Ht. 254 mm (10 in.)
Emile Galle (1846 1904) the great French
glass-maker, is less well-known for his
enamelled work than for his work in the
field of cameo glass. Yet he was an expert
in the art of enamelling, and showed this
gift in his first major exhibition in Paris in
1878. It was there that he established his
reputation as an inventive and original
glass artist, using—among other tech-
niques—enamelled decoration on triple-
cased glass with gold leaf insertions. At the
exhibition in Paris in 1884 he showed
examples of clear colourless glass decorated
with enamelling, cutting and engraving.
At the 1889 Exhibition in Paris he showed
his finest works. His colours had taken on
a new softness, and a fresh note of lyricism
could be sensed in his work. The decisive
factor in his work seems to have been
Japanese art, and after 1889 he developed
to maturity the ‘nature-style’ that was to
epitomise his thoughts and ideas and was
to bring him his greatest fame. The
singular lyricism ol his work can be seen in
the enamelled perfume bottle illustrated.
An elegant painted and enamelled glass-
ware was produced by the Mt. Washington
Glass Company, New Bedford, Mass.,
towards the end of the 19th century. It was
first called ‘Albertine’, though a ware that
was the same in texture, shape and
decoration was advertised more cxotically
as ‘Crown Milano’ in about 1890. Unless
the perishable paper label survives, ‘Al-
bertine’ cannot be differentiated from
unmarked ‘Crown Milano’. Frederick S.
Shirley and Albert Steffin of that firm were
issued with a patent in 1886 for a means of
decorating an opal glassware. The articles,
which had a convex ribbed body, were
treated as follows: a perforated corrugated
stencil was laid against them; pulverised
carbon was dusted against this, which left
a design for the enameller to follow when
the stencil was taken away, so that there
was no distortion in the finished product.
When ‘Crown Milano’ was made, a blank
in white opal glass was shaped by free-
blowing, moulding or press-moulding.

BUREAU BOOKCASE AND WRITING TABLE cabinetmakerthomassheraton .
Typical features in the left-hand example are the barred doors and shaped
pediment with fretted detail beneath antique dining table sutherland . The writing table is of a kind that
became popular early In the century scalloped folding antique table .
Gothic was really one of contempt), but it appealed to a passing fancy to pick isolated details here and there and to weave them into the work staffordshire pearlware figures french revolution . At best the result was a mere travesty, and it fell out of favour as quickly as it had come decoupage cabinets .
Our last example of a chair is that in Fig mortlake salt ware stoneware . 112, which shows a small upholstered armchair of about 1755—176o antique spiral leg oak dropleaf table .
Chippendale Period
An interesting feature here are the small fretted corner pieces fitted in the angles of the front legs oval . ‘These were often used on the square leg type of chair and of other pieces having similar legs square walnut and burr elm coffee table .
Settees porcelain table casters .—The Queen Anne settee NN,itb double or triple back has already been mentioned gate leg fold over antique tables . In Fig george i folding card table antique . 113 is its development in the early Chippendale period “biedermeier candelabra” . There is a great deal about it that is strongly reminiscent of the walnut period, especially in the rounded shaping of the back and the arms with their acutely scrolled front corners octagonal oak carved table . The
FIG antique meissen clock . 120 brandt mahogany 2 tier table . SIMPLE MAHOGANY CHEST OF DRAWERS,
1760-,770 collectors of paul frankl .
Although of plain form this simple furniture was thoroughly well made
as a rule gateleg drop leaf table 19th century . It was the sort of thing that the merchant class would have
used spiral legs on drop leaf table .
shell detail, too, is retained in the top rail of the back, and the splats, although pierced, have in their general outline something that can be traced back to the Queen Anne urn shape davenport “pattern numbers” .
It will probably be felt that there is something unsatisfactory about the back marqueterie cabinet . The centre section is well balanced enough, but those at the sides are uneven because the main side uprights are different from the curves of the wide inner uprights identify - shaped pedestal or pillar leg . This difficulty was sometimes overcome, especially in latter Chippendale models, by making the inner uprights double, each part being a replica of the main outer upright refectory wood .
Revival of Veneering
CHIPPENDALE TABLES
We saw in the last chapter that, apart from the William Kent productions, side tables had usually cabriole legs and were often fitted with marble tops antique porceline candle sticks . A tendency was to introduce an elaborate apron piece between the front legs, this being usually pierced right through and carved with acanthus leafNvork intricately scrolled and intertwined art deco inspired bookcase . It rapidly began to grow out of all proportions until the beginning of the Chippendale period why are pier tables called .
Fig kitchen antique furniture deux corps cupboards . 114 shows a small table of simple form, and of special
FIG antique inlaid occasional table . 121 art nouveau porcelain marks . SERPENTINE SHAPED COMMODE telescopic supports for tables .
i76o-1770 antique brass and marble cocktail table 1950 .
This shows strong French influence both in general form and in the detail
of the carving mallard tester bed . It would have been extremely expensive to produce and
be made for only the wealthiest classes antique dressing table 1925 .
interest in that it shows a revival of veneering bernard palissy . In fact it may be mentioned here that a great deal of veneering was done in Chippendale pieces, probably as an economy in the finely-figured woods then being imported century italian provincial cherry bombe armoire . It was, however, usually of a different spirit from that of the Queen Anne period, when the veneer usually hid entirely the construction antique table wooden hinge drop leaf . In Chippendale work no attempt is made as a rule to hide the construction, and any detail is usually subservient to obtaining good strength antique dinner services .
The difference came about in this way antique adams and sons company england ironstone . A Queen Anne cabinet maker would make the framework of, say, a door and would veneer it so that the latter ran right across the joints, concealing them entirely chinese precious stone and laquer cabinets . In Chippendale’s time the
cabinet maker used far thicker veneer (about I in italian nlaid bronze marble table tops .) and 8
generally veneered his parts before jointing and putting them together what is a chamber pot of 1800s . In this way the joints were bound to show, and it involved no practical difficulty because the veneer was thick enough to allow the joints to be levelled with the plane after being put together, a thing which would have been quite impracticable when the veneer was thinner flemish ivory inlay furniture antique .
The table in Fig spode ironstone china . 114 is rather an exception to this general rule in that the top rail was veneered after it had been jointed to the legs george serving table fluted . It is easy to tell this because the veneer runs across both rail and legs what is antique library table worth . Cross-grained veneer is the exception rather than the rule in Chippendale work, though in a case like this advantage was taken of the fine figuring to show it at its best refectorytables . The legs are of the straight moulded type already noted, and are deeply chamfered at the inner corners to lighten the appearance tripod table marble .
Use of Frets black desk curved legs .—Another table showing typical Chippendale features is that in Fig antique crofters cottage antique . 115 antique draw leaf table . It has the square moulded legs with deep chamfer, and the rails are decorated with frets antique cherry dictionary stand . This form of ornament was originally derived from the Chinese style north west antique dresser . In its purely Chinese form it consisted of intersecting straight lines somewhat in the form of lattice work (see the chair back in Fig antique mahogany drum tables library tables writing tables . III), but the idea once prompted soon developed into a purely Western conventional design consisting of curves and scrolls nabeshima antique . On p classic white bombe drawers maker . 157 is given a group of typical Chippendale frets, some still distinctly Chinese in character, and others of the conventional English form empire furniture company .
These frets, where similar positions to that in the table in Fig copper brass tray coffee table . 115, were later applied—that is, they were not carved out of the solid wood, though often enough the ends of scrolls and other small details were touched up with carving tools to give a more realistic appearance of carved work spaanse 17de eeuwse antieke tafel . In some cases the frets had no backing lidded urn with hole underneath . For instance, little galleried edgings were often fitted to small tables george hunzinger chairs . These were pierced right through in the form of a fret meissen whiteware animal . The cabinet makers soon found that these had little strength when cut out of a single thickness because the grain was necessarily short in certain parts small round chippendale center hall table . Consequently they hit upon the idea of glueing together three or more pieces of veener, the grain of the centre layer running at right angles Chippendale Side Tables
to those outside french design desk . Frets cut in this were considerably stronger graduated drawers formula . This is probably the first example of the use of plywood, though of course it had little in common with the large plywood panels produced to-day daghestan prayer rugs .
Side tables, such as that in Fig antique walnut settee chairback . 115, would be placed in

FIG chamber pot . 124 writing table with bookshelf design . CHIPPENDALE FRETS german antique card table .
,760-,775•
A, B and C are conventional patterns of Western form antique book ends . D and E show the Chinese influence dating meissen figures .
the dining-room, and their purpose was to provide a useful standing space for the dishes art nouveau antique drinking cabinet . The day of the sideboard with drawer and cupboard accommodation had yet to come classical column drawing . The reader may care to turn to Fig antique drop dresser with marble top . 116 to see examples of other kinds of legs used in tables of this kind french console table 1830 . The second example is interesting in that it is pierced right through, a detail which came from the Chinese influence what is a chippendale ring . One entirely new form of leg is the fourth example, which is composite, that is, built up of a number of small separate pieces antique gilded table glass . It consists of a series of clusters of turned columns fitted between squares antique chamber pot chair . Quite light tables had this form of leg mallard tester bed .
Many new kinds of occasional tables made their appearance at this time, and amongst them was the small tripod form also shown in Fig chippendale pinecone . I15 regency side chair with brass motif . The simpler examples were quite plain, consisting of three legs (like that at F, Fig antique gateleg table and chairs center drawers . I16), joined to a turned centre upright, and a circular top love seat pietro piffetti . Finer specimens as that in Fig antique vitrine table . 115 had acanthus carving on the knees of the legs and on the turned upright chinese export porcelain wall plaque . The edge of the top, too, was often ” pie-crusted antique book ends .”
BURFAUX AND WRITING TABLES
We saw in Chapter V how the
great increase in writing led to the
introduction of pieces intended
specially for writing antique dressing table w/mirrors . Of these the
bureau (usually with the bookcase
above) and the writing table
remained popular palissy patterns . The secretaire
in its original form, with huge fall
writing top, lapsed, though a certain
number of pieces with compara-
tively small falls were made antique mahogany rent table . These
were similar to the bureau except
that the fall when closed was
upright antique “duncan phyfe side chair” . When opened out flat the
whole writing arrangement was
made so that it could be pulled forward, so giving easy
access to the stationery nest and providing ample knee space harlequin pattern commode for sale .
CHIPPENDALE GRANDFATHER CLOCK checkoslovakian figurines .
1760-1770 red and yellow rose czechoslovakia china .
The domed shape of the hood
with a pediment above was
Invariably used markings on antique candelabra .
Writing ng Bureaux
A simple Chippendale bureau is given in Fig chippendale rosewood table . 117 art deco modern deco antique furniture . It is similar in general form to its predecessor of Queen Anne’s time, though, apart from being in mahogany, the decorative treatment is entirely different tub chair design . Sometimes the sides, drawer fronts, and so on were veneered (about 8 -1 in antique oak table trestle drop leaf . thick), but there was no ruling on the subject duncan phyfe drop leaf buffet table . In any case, when veneer was used the front was simply regarded
as a solid piece with a facing of mahogany ; that is to say, there was no attempt to use the veneer to give a decorative effect as in walnut work collector’s table . No quartering or crossbanding was used lenci artist signature . Drawers were usually surrounded by a cocked bead, as in the present example “lion feet” wardrobes . For interior parts, drawer sides, etc chinese wooden tables with brass leaves inlay ., oak was generally used value susie cooper tea set yellow with blue dots .
Another bureau similar in form, but with bookcase above, is shown in Fig antique jacobean dropleaf desk . iig antique pembrook game tables . The bookcase has many typical features, of which the pediment with carved rosettes and fretted underpart, and the barred doors are the most obvious antique duch east india company plates . These barred doors were a continuation of the Queen Anne type (see Fig elements of art value . 84), whic h probably owed their origin to the comparatively small sizes in which glass was first available fine bohemian china made in czechoslovakia compagnie . All the panes are separate and fit between bars consisting of a moulding, usually an astragal, with a thin flat bar at the back to form rebates for the glass . A few other Chippendale patterns of barred doors are given
in Fig antique upholstered chair curved side . 122 italian wood armchairs . Both these bureaux are Note the use of bracket feet in both flatware 17th century .
almost universally in these pieces, though in finer specimens they were often finely carved chinese influence to rococo . More elaborate specimens had pilasters flanking the doors with fine carving in them, and had altogether more elaborate pediments victorian cherry drop leaf table .
A writing table is shown in Fig antique desks/captain’s davenport . 118 napoleon antique chests . In this we have a variation of the bracket foot, the solid plinth theodore haviland 1958 pattern . Note that POLE
SCREEN parts of chambersticks .
About 1765•
The screen portion was
made so that it could
be adjusted at varying
heights kakiemon bow price .
of simple form delicate trestle table .
certain of the mouldings are carved amakusa candlesticks . This was a revival which took place in the mahogany period recipe for “soft paste porcelain” . In the earlier oak days carving was used to decorate mouldings to a considerable extent, but it lapsed entirely in walnut furniture because in this the mouldings were invariably cross-grained italian inlaid sideboard . This produced a decorative effect in itself, but it was not practical to carve them because the cross-grain was simply a thin layer glued over a solid groundwork spider leg circular dining table . With the return
FIG, 127 15th century chamber pots . TYPICAL MOULDINGS OF THE CHIPPENDALE SCHOOL vizagapatam furniture .
1750-1775•
In his finest work Chippendale invariably used carved mouldings spanish revival walnut console table . It was prob-
ably the result of his being a carver by trade value of 19th century silver apostle spoons .
to the use of solid wood in the first half of the eighteenth century carving was once again possible, though it was on altogether finer lines than that of oak work tambour commode . A smaller writing table with knee hole space is given in Fig vintage wooden handled three tined dinner forks . I ig antique collectors cabinet for sale .
BEDROOM FURNITURE
The chest of drawers, established by Queen Anne’s time, was a recognised part of the furnishing of a Georgian bedroom antique spanish cabinet marble top . In its simplest form it was often severely plain with no decoration 4 foot drop leaf table . The drawers usually had a surrounding French Influence
cocked bead, but even these were primarily utilitarian, since their chief purpose was to protect the edges of the veneer antique walnut writing table with pillar (post) legs . An example of this simple furniture is given in Fig tripod side table . 120 barometre du style directoire . The chamfered front corners are worth noting because, although in this particular example they are quite plain, in better class pieces they were often developed as an important feature, carving, fluting, or frets often being used as decoration antique shop slovakia . A chest of this kind would have been used in the house of one of the middle classes or in one of the lesser bedrooms in an important house burr walnut tallboy with sunburst inlay .
In contrast is the fine chest of drawers or commode shown in Fig marble dining table antique oval modern . 12I antique wooden oval french music stands . A piece of this kind represents the high water mark in cabinet work, and is obviously the product of a first-class workshop silver pillar candlestick . It is distinctly French in character, and is probably taken from a Louis XV commode, except that, whereas the latter would be largely gilded (probably the mountings of the legs would be of metal), in the present example they are entirely in mahogany, showing its natural surface english bone handled knives and silver forks . A feature adding considerably to the difficulty of making such a piece is the fact that it has compound shaping ; that is, in addition to being of serpentine shape in plan, it is shaped in its height antique escritoire desk . This double shaping was often used in Louis XV work for the French were a long way ahead of us in work of this type—possibly because very elaborate work has never specially appealed to us drop leaf walnut table gate legs . Other features in the chest definitely of French origin are the scrolled legs, with their Rococo ornament and the handles daniel quare 1674 tortoiseshell case pocket watches . An enlarged detailed drawing of one of these French type of handles is given on p how much did porcelain cost in the 1500s . 02 antique french drum table .
Bedsteads england biedermeier chest of drawers .—The Queen Anne bedstead was for the most part the four-poster type, entirely covered with soft materials, as in the example given in Fig antique bureau writing desk . 96 candle sticks antique porcelain victorian couple . A few were made with head and foot and no upper tester, these having a typical Queen Anne shaping at the top of the panel and cabriole legs below “jean luce” arzberg . A great many modern reproductions of the type are made to-day 19th century native american pottery . The majority, however, were four-posters, with every part of the woodwork (except possibly the feet) covered entirely up with velvet and other materials 18th century worcester porcelain . It was scarcely a thing fit for everyday use in an average house, though it might be well enough in a palace french chippendale dining table library desk . It was not like a four-poster with curtains only that could be taken down and washed dressoir timber . Once the material became faded Chippendale Bedsteads
or worn nothing short of stripping off the whole would be of the slightest use 18th century french silver makers .
In Georgian times came a return to the all-wood bedsteads burslem yellow trellis ceramics . In a sense these were similar to the four-posters of Jacobean times, but were altogether lighter and were in mahogany instead of oak walnut and glass coffee table, italian . A Chippendale example is given in Fig 19th century. mahogany buffet . io6, P- 136 historismus beakers . In some cases the Chinese character was used entirely writing bureau “sliding” . There stands in the museum at South Kensington a bedstead of this kind, in which the tester follows the form of a pagoda roof, whilst the back is decorated with lattice work drawing furniture by michael thonet . The whole thing is in gold and black lacquer and was probably made in Chippendale’s own workshop name a piece of furniture that begins with v .
The development of the grandfather clock is shown in Fig french/belgian art deco table for sale . 125 where can i buy antique candlesticks in dorset? . Note the scrolled pediment above the rounded heading of the hood door antique coaching table .

Early chairs
Before the 16th century rooms were sparsely furnished, and the range of furniture was limited. Chairs were scarce and, like stools, were viewed as symbols of authority. It was not until the 16th century that more comfortable chairs were made. At this time the major artistic impetus spread northward from Italy, and chairs were made in quantity only in southern Europe. By the I7th century, as lifestyles became more settled, there was a greater demand for comfort in seat furniture.

A Turner’s or “thrown” chair
s of this type were produced in Britain from the 16th century, and
still made in provincial areas into the 19th century. “Throwing” was early term for turning. These chairs were often made from ash, which strong and ideal for turning, although susceptible to woodworm. late 17th century; ht Iml3ft3in; value H)
SOUTHERN EUROPE
The earliest prototype was the 16th-century Italian X-frame folding chair, usually in walnut, Inch was adopted in northern Europe from the end of the century. Spanish examples exist that are inlaid with ivory and metals in stellar and geometric designs in the Moorish fashion.
Armchairs of the 16th and 17th centuries were refined versions of the carved chaise caquetoire (gossiping chair) which, with its solid, carved back and trapezoidal seat, was not very comfortable. As revealed by the engravings of the Flemish designer Hans Vredeman de Vries (1526-(.1604) in his Differents Pourtraicts de Menuiserie ((.1585), the earliest-surviving traditional easy chairs were executed principally in Tuscany, Spain, Portugal, and The Netherlands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Known as the sillon De fraileros (”monk’s chair”) in Spain, this type of chair was usually of walnut, with scrolled and acanthus-carved stiles. The upper section Was supported by plain legs joined by waved stretchers, and the chair was upholstered with
intricately tooled and embossed leather stretched by ornamental heavy brass nails. Examples from The Netherlands often have lion finials surmounting the stiles.
NORTHERN EUROPE
Turning on a foot-operated lathe (which revolved the legs while the wood was cut to the required shape) became an increasingly popular decorative technique in northern Europe, and by the early 17th century most legs were turned. This form of decoration remained fashionable until the end of the century. Designs became increasingly intricate at this time, culminating in the “barley-sugar” (spiral) twist.
Peculiar to the 17th century is the oak joined chair with arms, often called a wainscot chair in Britain. Similar designs were made in many countries throughout northern Europe, and examples are still found in some numbers. This type of chair commonly has a scroll-carved toprail, sometimes inscribed with initials or a date. Its characteristic feature is a panel back, often symmetrically carved with stylized
leaves, lozenges, roundels, and lunettes. The seat
is solid, but would originally have had a squab cushion, and the front supports are ring-turned, with the legs joined by stretchers. Chairs of this type were made until the end of the 17th century and represent the final stage of the age of the joiner, as this period is often called. Designs and techniques changed considerably after this time, but in many provincial areas the traditional methods of construction continued to be used.

•    woods invariably indigenous – walnut in southern Europe and oak in northern Europe; rosewood was used to a limited extent during the 17th century in Portugal
•    DAMAGE examples that pre-date 1600 are extremely rare, and 17th-century examples should be examined closely for repairs; age, wear, and tear will have taken their toll – the legs and the lower part of the back are particularly vulnerable
•    DECORATION painted decoration, upholstery, leather, and caning have often been changed; if the originals remain, they increase the value
•    COPIES AND FAKES most 17th-century chairs are stylistically of a very simple form, the same designs being produced over a long period, making them difficult to date; turners’ chairs arc popular with collectors and are often faked – copies are difficult to detect as they may be quite old themselves, and tend to be in the same woods as the originals (ash or oak, not walnut), with good-quality carving; the colour of the wood on all unpolished surfaces should be closely examined, as should the overall patina

Writing cabinets-on-stands
Small slope-topped writing boxes were known from medieval times, and during the 16th and early 17th centuries they continued to be associated with the needs of a highly educated elite. With their sloping lids, often lipped at the lower edge, they could double as reading lecterns, and many were decorated with carving, inlay, or painting. Inside they were fitted with compartments and small drawers for papers and writing equipment. Conveniently portable, they could be used on top of a table or chest.
EARLY CABINETS-ON-STANDS
During the second half of the 17th century a new form of writing compendium, with its own base support, was developed. Also known as a scriptor, or, in France, an escritoire, the writing cabinet-onstand was a rectangular structure, based on the
Spanish vargueno (writing desk) Instead of a sloping lift-up top, it had a fall front concealing drawers and pigeon holes, which opened to form a writing surface supported on cords at either side. The exterior presented an inviting
surface for veneering. Fine examples were made with oyster veneers of walnut or cocus wood, or with floral or “seaweed” marquetry; some cabinets were inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl, or japanned to imitate Oriental lacquer. The most spectacular, japanned in brilliant colours on white or light-coloured grounds, were by Gerard Dagly (1657-1715) of Berlin. The legs of the stand were baluster or spiral turned typical of fashionable furniture of this period. Already, by the close of the I 7th century, many of these cabinets had a distinctly feminine flavour, with compartments for toiletries, jewellery, and writing equipment.
Alongside the development of the mainstream bureau and bureau cabinet in the early 18th century was that of the slightly built slope-topped writing desk of bureau form, set upon a cabriole-legged base, with frieze drawers. Some of these desks were surmounted by toilet mirrors, showing their dual function as writing and dressing tables. Typically, they were veneered in walnut or marquetry, but some fine examples are decorated with japanning.
drawer below. French examples were lavishly decorated, with gilt-bronze mounts and fine marquetry veneers of unusual woods, and sometimes with porcelain plaques, or panels of Oriental lacquer. By the last quarter of the 18th century the cabriole supports – the last vestiges of the Rococo – were discarded in favour of straight-tapered legs, often with gilded grooves and understretchers.
The English interpretation of the bonheur du jour was more restrained, relying for its elegance on finely figured timbers and well-judged proportions; edges were straight and legs square tapered. Mahogany or satinwood was often contrasted with bandings or panels of rosewood, sycamore, tulip, or box. Both French and British styles were adopted by cabinet-makers in other parts of Europe. Porcelain plaques, marquetry, and ormolu mounts all appear on bonheurs du jour in Germany, Austria, and Poland, but the structure of such pieces tends to be spare and square rather than voluptuous.

• WRITING CABINETS-ON-STANDS some early very
fine examples were decorated with veneered with burr-walnut, oyster veneering or marquetry (floral or “seaweed”), inlaid or japanned; this type of furniture although not always very useful (unlike the bureau in all its forms) is very desirable, so unless the decoration is very badly damaged, they will still generally command high prices.
• BONHEURS DU JOUR usually very popular items of decorative furniture; those made in the late 18th-century style of Sheraton are particularly popular.
LATER CABINETS-ON-STANDS
In France, luxurious writing-cum-toilet tables for use in ladies’ apartments were made in large numbers from the beginning of the Rococo period in the early 18th century. Veneered in fine marquetry of exotic woods, and with cabriole legs, they were embellished with cast-and gilt-bronze mounts. Some of these bureaux de dames had sloping lids to the superstructures, while another type, the secretaire n capucin, had a flat writing surface opening out from the table top, and a superstructure of drawers and compartments rising from the back. By the late 1760s the bonheur du jour was an established form of ladies’ writing table. As its name suggests, it was destined for the feminine “delight of the day”, i.e. letter writing. It had a flat writing surface at the front, varying arrangements of shelves, drawers, or small cupboards at the back, and a drawer below. French examples were lavishly decorated, with gilt-bronze mounts and fine marquetry veneers of unusual woods, and sometimes with porcelain plaques, or panels of Oriental lacquer. By the last quarter of the 18th century the cabriole supports – the last vestiges of the Rococo – were discarded in favour of straight-tapered legs, often with gilded grooves and understretchers.
The English interpretation of the bonheur du jour was more restrained, relying for its elegance on finely figured timbers and well-judged proportions; edges were straight and legs square tapered. Mahogany or satinwood was often contrasted with bandings or panels of rosewood, sycamore, tulip, or box. Both French and British styles were adopted by cabinet-makers in other parts of Europe. Porcelain plaques, marquetry, and ormolu mounts all appear on bonheurs du jour in Germany, Austria, and Poland, but the structure of such pieces tends to be spare and square rather than voluptuous.

High chests-of-drawers
Chests-on-stands, also known as high chests-ofdrawers or highboys, were a development of the chest-of-drawers. The form comprises a series of short drawers at the top, three or four long, graduated drawers beneath, and two or three drawers in the stand. The form was made in England from the end of the 17th century in walnut veneer, with double-twist turned supports, barley-twist or cup-and-cover legs, flat stretchers, and a plain moulded cornice. This piece of furniture became a singularly American form after c.1730.
AMERICAN HIGH CHESTS-OF-DRAWERS
From the 1690s to the 1730s, following the popular London styles, cabinet-makers in New England and Pennsylvania made chests-of-drawers on tall barley-twist, scroll, and trumpet-turned legs, with matching dressing tables (lowboys) for use in the bedchamber. Their arched aprons (skirts) generally accommodated three drawers. Blind frieze drawers are found on some made in New York and New England. The finest are veneered with richly figured burr-walnut, their drawers
outlined with herringbone veneer. Others are made
of solid maple or cherry, and some are painted. Several from Boston, with four cabriole legs instead of six turned ]cgs, have their original japanned decoration.
By the 1750s high chests with broken-arch pediments had come into vogue. The Philadelphia high chest was tighter and more graceful, with a richly carved middle drawer in the lower section, the uppercase, like the lower, flanked by fluted quarter columns, and topped
by a richly carved broken-arch pediment with carved rosettes, a cartouche in the centre, and flame finials at the corners. The typanum of the arch, no longer housing a drawer, was filled with Rococo streamers, leaves, and grasses, while carving decorated the apron and knees. The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director (1754-62) by Thomas Chippendale (1718-79) influenced the design of a horizontal cornices, which in the 1760s and 1770s separated the carved scrolled pediments from the unadorned facades of the drawer fronts.
High chests made away from the coastal cities are country versions of those made in urban centres. Those made in Lancaster County inland Pennsylvania, reflect the Philadelphia style, while those from the back country of the Shenandoah Valley are largely influenced by Pennsylvania forms that the settlers of that region were familiar with; eccentric maple chests, stained to simulate mahogany, were made in New Hampshire by the Dunlap family, suggesting their Scottish/ Irish origin. In New York and the South they preferred the chest-on-chest form.
• CONSTRUCTION some flat-top high chests were fitted with pedestals for displaying ceramics.
• Alterations high chests were made in two parts, which were sometimes separated; the top was often given feet and sold as a chest-of-drawers, and the bottom given a new top and sold as an over-size dressing table or serving table; even in their altered states, they are considered of value.
• COLLECTING in the USA high chests have long been the most highly priced type of furniture; matching high chests and dressing tables will achieve a premium.

Early chests-of-drawers.
The chest-of-drawers as we know it today essentially evolved during the 17th century. During the 1600s it was adapted and modified until the ideal balance and most practical formula were found. The system of graduated drawers, with the most shallow at the top and the deepest at the bottom, was only really reached right at the end of the century. However, it should be remembered that throughout the 17th century chests and coffers were still the principal items of furniture used for storage.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHEST-OF-DRAWERS. The 16th and 17th centuries were times of considerable social change in Europe, when a number of new items of furniture were introduced. The chest-of-drawers was one of these new forms, and through its development in the 17th century it is possible to chart the progress of furniture-makers and the emergence of the cabinet-maker. Although new methods of construction (including dovetailing) were developed and refined during the 17th century, the chest-of-drawers was largely made with joints secured by iron nails; only at the end of the century was dovetailing preferred.
From the mid-16th century, the concept of the drawer became widespread in countries that were influenced by the courts of Spain and Italy. In Spain the vargueno (writing desk) was one of the most important of the furniture forms that influenced the development of numerous furniture types throughout Europe. The contribution of the Moors, who occupied much of Spain until 1492, is particularly evident in the skilled work of the Spanish craftsmen working in the mid-16th century. The numerous small drawers in the vargueno were made using tight dovetails and precisely cut drawer-linings. The vargueno could either have a stand in the form of a small table, or a base that was sometimes enclosed by doors, but often had four exposed drawers.
In the province of Zeeland in the southern Netherlands, which was under Spanish rule between 1482 and 1794, a type of square chest, usually measuring 1.5m (4ft 11in) high and 1.7m (5ft 7in) wide, was made. Like the beeldenkast (cupboard) made in the northern Netherlands, this type was in two sections, sometimes with a central drawer between the two, enclosed by a pairs of doors.
In Britain, the drawer was not introduced in any significant number until the end of the 16th century, when they were added to coffers and cabinets. They were called “tills” or “drawing-boxes”, and the word “drawer” is derived from the latter. From the mid-16th century the term “till” was used to denote a drawer where money was kept, an association it still retains. A coffer or chest could be fitted with drawers, and was then known as a mule chest. An early, hybrid form of the chest-of-drawers and cabinet was made front the mid-17th century; this had a shallow frieze drawer at the top, a deep drawer beneath, and three further drawers enclosed by two doors in the lower section. Graduated drawers were introduced later in the century. These oak chests are still linked to the old form as some had hinged tops, opening to reveal box compartments.
During the later 17th century the chest-of-drawers evolved rapidly. Many were constructed on spiral-turned, double spiral or S-scroll stands (often with a drawer or series of drawers in the stand), stretching to about 1.5m (4ft 11in) in height so that the top drawers were easily accessible. This form is similar to the cheston-stand. By the end of the 17th century the chest-ofdrawers in its familiar form had evolved — the chest was taken down from the stand and rested instead on feet, at first of bun form (introduced (.1690) and later of bracket form (introduced c.1725). It is extremely common for feet to have been replaced either owing to damage from wear or woodworm or as a result of changing fashions and the desire to “improve”.
CONSTRUCTION AND WOODS.
In the Low Countries and Britain during the mid- I Century the chest-of-drawers was made by a joiner. It was constructed of solid oak, often in two parts, with panelled sides and heavy drawers that ran on bearers set into the sides of the carcase. The bearers slid into grooves cut into the drawer-lining along the centre of the outside edge. The joined construction was clearly visible from the outside and can now be seen to form part of the decorative appeal.
By the end of the century the cabinet-maker had become increasingly dominant, and joined furniture was therefore relegated to the provincial areas. Chests-of-drawers made in important centres of furniture production now had oak linings, and the carcase and drawers were secured by dovetailed joints. The thick wood that was required for mortise-and-tenon joints disappeared; consequently the thickness of the drawer-linings diminished, and drawers were set to run on their bases or on bearers set underneath the drawers.
In Spain and Italy forms tended to be heavy and thick in construction, still retaining panelled sides, and the drawer-linings were normally made of pine. In central and northern Europe dovetails and drawer-linings became smaller and more delicate; in Italy they remained much less refined, and of much larger form, right through to the 19th century.
Although, throughout most of the 17th century, oak was the preferred wood in England when furniture was made in the solid, walnut was increasingly popular as the veneer for fine furniture because of its figuring and rich colour. In Spain and Italy walnut was the most common wood used in the solid. In France timbers imported from the overseas provinces were used from an early stage. Ebony was one such exotic wood and gave rise to the term ebeniste (cabinet-maker).
Towards the end of the 17th century, great efforts were made to enrich the visible surfaces of the chestof-drawers, and considerable expense was lavished on the large surface areas. The most popular forms of decoration were veneering with burr woods, oyster veneering, seaweed marquety, and floral marquetry. This explosion of creativity was a far cry from the heavy, joined chests made just 30 to 40 years earlier. This rapid pace of change – which was much slower
in the provinces – continued in construction, decoration, and design well into the next century.
The chest-of-drawers was adopted in all the wealthy circles as a new piece of furniture, and soon gained favour in all the countries of Europe. It took such forms as bachelors’ chests, commodes, and chests-on-chests.
• SAW MARKS until the end of the I 8th century the method of sawing wood for the carcase left straight saw marks; from the end of the 18th century a circular saw was used, which left circular saw marks; these marks should be visible on the inside of the carcasefeet.
• it is common to find pieces of this period without their original feet; bun feet have often been replaced by bracket feet; look underneath the chest for old holes into which the bun feet would have fitted.
• HANDLES these may have been changed; look for the bruise marks on the woodwork to see where the original handles (usually drop) would have rubbed or swung.

Candlesticks are among today’s most popular and collectable silver items. The earliest-surviving domestic examples date from the mid-17th century, but most found today were made from the 18th century onward. A great variety of styles is available, from the Classical column shape of the late 18th century to the inventive figural and telescopic forms of the 19th century.
Early candlesticks were cast in solid silver, but huge numbers of less expensive examples stamped from rolled silver sheet were being produced in Birmingham and Sheffield by the 1770s – these were among the first-ever items mass-produced by industrial methods. It is important to remember when buying candlesticks and candelabra that most were made as pairs.
Candlesticks Before 1800
Until the age of mass production, silver candlesticks were used mostly by the Church and the wealthy; others tended to be made of less expensive pewter. Examples made before the mid-17th century are rare. Medieval candlesticks, made largely for church altars, featured tripod feet and a pricker (metal spike) to hold the candle: sockets or sconces for the candle were not introduced until the 15th century. Candlesticks were usually made as pairs and are generally sold as such today; single candlesticksmay sometimes be worth as little as a quarter of the value of a pair.
BAROQUE AND QUEEN ANNE STYLES Silver Candlesticks
Although many candlesticks are recorded from before the 17th century, few survive; they were often melted down because they were damaged, or for conversion into coin. In particular, there are very few English candlesticks dating front before the 1650s, as much silver was melted down during the Civil War (1642-9).
In the 17th century most silver candlesticks were raised from thin, hammered sheet metal. The earliest candlesticks found on the market today, dating from the 167()s and 1680s, have stems of fluted Classical columns, or clusters of columns, and octagonal or square bases. Some rare examples have scalloped, richly embossed bases – a speciality of Dutch silversmiths. American candlesticks made before c.1760 are rare; the earliest-known pair, made in Boston, dates from 1675.
In the 1690s immigrant Huguenot silversmiths revolutionized the production of English candlesticks by casting them in solid silver rather than raising them from sheet. The base, stem, and sconce were cast separately and soldered together. The earliest pattern of cast candlesticks, •generally 15 to 18chn (6-7in) high, had a plain baluster stem with a series of knops (bulbous rings) on a square, round, or angled base. During the 17105 and 1720s octagonal and hexagonal faceted stems and bases, typical of the Queen Anne style, became fashionable. These elegant candlesticks, made in the higher-standard (”Britannia”) silver, were plain except for an engraved coat of arms at the bottom of the stem.
ROCOCO AND NEO-CLASSICAL STYLES Silver Candlesticks
The baluster shape remained the most popular design in the early and mid-18th century, but IT, the early 1730s candlesticks were slightly taller (19-23Cro/7e’2_9jlj high), with richer ornament of pleated, lobed forms on the base and stern. The influence of the Rococo style is evident in the chased shell motifs and flared, flower-like nozzles
of examples from the 17305 to the 17605. Some exceptionally fine candlesticks of this period have ornately cast and chased steins of figures holding the candle sconce above their heads. In the 1740s detachable nozzles were added to the spool-shaped sconces for saving dripping wax and for easier removal of candle stabs; some candlesticks found today have replacement nozzles because the originals were damaged or lost. Throughout this period some silversmiths specialized in the production of candlesticks; in England, the best known were the Gould and the Cafe families.
In the 1750 and 1760s simpler forms returned under the influence of the Neo-classical style. Candlesticks of this period, averaging 24 to 28.5cm (9f —I Ist) high, have plain, circular nozzles, square bases, and plain or faceted stems decorated with typically Classical gadrooning around the base, knici and sconce. By c.1765 Corinthian column
candlesticks had become fashionable, and by he 1770S and 1780s the French style of plain or fluted tapering baluster stein on a circular base, decorated with Neo-classical ornament such as reeding, beading, swags, and ram’s heads, was popular. Noted architects such as Robert Adam, James Wyatt, and Sir William Chambers also produced designs for Neo-classical candlesticks as part of their overall schemes for interior decoration.
Simple Neo-classical forms with restrained decoration were particularly v suited to new methods of manufacture. Silversmiths in the growing industrial centres of Birmingham and Sheffield used rolled sheet silver, made in flatting mills, to manufacture candlesticks on a large scale. As this silver was often of very thin gauge, the base of the candlestick was weighted, or “loaded”, with wood, pitch, or plaster of parts for stability. Mass production of loaded candlesticks in Birmingham and Sheffield increased after the opening of assay offices in those two cities in 1773; the candlesticks proved SO popular that London silversmiths often bought in provincially made pieces and overstani them with London marks. Loaded candlesticks were significantly less expensive than cast ones because much less silver was used, and they still fetch lower prices today.
SILVER TAPERSTICKS, CHAMBERSTICKS AND SNUFFERS
From the late 17th century silversmiths made taperstick, — smaller versions of candlesticks (10-13crr/4—Sin) —for holding a taper, or thin candle, with which to melt sealing wax and light tobacco pipes. Since the designs of taperstick, copy almost exactly those of candlesticks, many such pieces were probably supplied as a set, although taperstick, were usually made singly rather than as a pair. Front the irricl century the taperstick was replaced by the waxjack, featuring a central rod, around which the taper was coiled, on a circular foot.
chambersticks were used to light the way at night. Because each member of a household would need one, they were made fit large sets, but pairs were common after c.1800. They usually have a saucer-like base, decorated with reeding, beading, or gadrooning, with a central socket on a short stem, and detachable nozzles from the mid-18th century. Rare, early 17th-centUry chambersticks have long, flat handles, but ring- or scroll-shaped handles were introduced front the 1720s, with a thumb-piece and socket fora conical extinguisher. Some chambersticks also have a pierced slot under the sconce for snuffer scissors, but matching snuffer scissors and chambersticks are rarely found today.
Snuffers (scissor-like implements for trimming and collecting wicks) were an essential accessory for candles before the self-consuming wick was invented c.1800. They were produced by specialist makers. The earliest sets, from the late 17th to early 18th century, have vertical stands with faceted baluster stems and bases similar to contemporary candlesticks, sometimes with a conical extinguisher attached. Later sets have oblong or hourglass-shaped stands, like trays, with feet or handlts. Snuffer trays are sometimes sold today as pen trays.
Silver Candlesticks after 1800
By the late 18th century huge numbers of loaded sheet-silver candlesticks were being made using mechanized production in the English industrial centres of Sheffield and Buirraigham, primarily to meet demand from the newly prosperous middle classes. The Ire, mechanized techniques of rolling sheet silver, die-stamping, and die-sinking gradually began to replace laborious casting methods (although the best-quality candlesticks were still cast). Candlesticks were also among the earliest items made in Sheffield plate. As the 19th century progressed, elaborate surface ornament, in keeping with Victorian taste, and revivals of 17th- and 18th-century styles characterized the production of candlesticks. They remained popular as decorative items even after the invention of gas and oil lighting and, later, electricity.
LATE NEO-CLASSICAL CANDLESTICKS
At the end of the 18th century candlesticks of all kinds —cast, loaded sheet silver, or Sheffield plate — were made either in the Corinthian column style on a square foot, or in the plain or fluted tapering baluster form on a circular foot: both types are decorated with ornament derived from Classical architecture, such as swags, ram’s heads, vreaths, urns, and formal leaves. Thee are generally 25.5 to 31cm ( 10-12m) tall. Sheet-silver and Sheffield-plate candlesticks have Visible seaming lines where the separate sheet or plate parts have been joined. They may also have small holes in the silver (or patches Of visible copper on plate pieces), especially on areas of high relief, caused by overstretching the sheet or plate. Any die-stamped ornament should be sharply defined.
The telescopic adjustable candlestick, a speciality of Sheffield makers, was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Made in loaded sheet silver and Sheffield plate, it featured a cylindrical stem fitted with telescopic slides rising from the base. Although telescopic candlesticks occasionally appear in auctions today, most do not worl, properly; their restoration can be costly.
THE 19TH-CENTURY REVIVAL STYLES Silver Candlesticks
In the 19th century silver items were produced in an unprecedented range of historical styles, mainly as a result of developments in mechanized production, which meant that manufacturers could reproduce almost any form or type of ornament. The widespread dispersal of aristocratic collections of historic plate also provided inspiration for designers. Motifs such as trefoils and arches derived from Gothic art, while the Rococo — more ornate and bulbous than the original 18th-CCutUry version — remained one of the most popular revival styles throughout the Venture.
REGENCY AND VICTORIAN CANDLESTICKS
In the Regency period (late ISth—cariv :19th centres candlesticks became more ornate, with richer foliate and scroll decoration on the base, at the top of the stem, and around the socket. From about the 1820, and 1830, candlestick-makers concentrated on imitating 17th-and 18th-cenrur.% styles, beginning with the Rococo. Candlesticks in the Rococo Revival taste arc richly chased all over with scrolls and flowers and have undulating baluster stems, but the curves are heavier, the proportions less balanced, and the sconces more bulbous than on 18th-century originals; most were also made of loaded sheet silver, rather than cast as they would have been in the first half of the 18th century. Since mechanized manufacture resulted in less expensive products, large sets of matching candlesticks were more popular in this period than
Candlesticks in revival styles were produced in both larger and smaller versions of the originals; man, were also made as exact copies of originals to replace those that were damaged or lost, although there are although a number of fakes. Figural candlesticks were particularly popular during the 19th century, reflecting contemporary taste for novelty pieces. Subjects for figural candlesticks included caryatids, knights in armour, and rustic figures of shepherds and shepherdesses; pairs usually consist of male and female figures.
In the 1890s there was a revival of the fashion for column candlesticks, this time with stepped square bases and with inam, variations in the patterns of the borders and the capital. These are generally smaller than late 18th-centurN versions — about 14can 15′ 2111) high. Afam candlesticks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were wired for electrical lighting as dressing-table of desklights — in such cases there mac be holes in the base for the electrical cord. During the Vogue for the Queen Anne stele in the early 20th century, sonic silversmiths produced copies of early 18th-century styles; these can be distinguished from originals by their use of sterling silver instead of the Britannia standard and by their detachable no,zlcs, which did not appear before c.1740.
With the invention of the self-consuming candle wit: in the early 19th century, snuffers became obsolete, although some were made in revival stales.
THE NEW INDUSTRIAL CENTRES
Candlesticks were among the first items mass-produced in the English cities of Birmingham and Sheffield, using newly developed mechanized methods of manufacture. With the expansion of industry in those cities in the mid-19th century, candlestick manufacture became a specialized trade. The rolling, mill, invented c.1740, enabled a silver ingot to be flattened into a sheet of uniform gauge, while the fly press, developed in the 1760, and 1770x, made accurate and repetitive piercing possil-il, Both these inventions reduced labour and manufacturing costs, since they replaced laborious hammering and hand-piercing. Decorative components were also mass-produced by die-stamping. The sheet of metal was placed oil a block with a sunken die in the form of the pattern to lie reproduced; this was struck with a hammer with a relief pattern in the sart, shape as the dic. This method was used for items in both silver and Sheffield plate, and a vast range of styles and forms was made possible by interchanging the decorative stamped components. As complete sets of dies were highly expensive, then were often used by several manufacturers, resulting in the production of identical patterns by a Nall of silversmiths. These new industrialized methods were especially well exploited by the Birmingham makers Matthew Boutton ( 1728-1809) and John Fothergill (ti. 1782), who pioneered the use of the steam-powered rolling mill in the late 18th century.

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Dining-tables before 1840.
The gateleg table enjoyed enduring popularity in Britain and The Netherlands well into the 18th century, and indeed the provincial tradition carried on virtually unbroken to today. Although gateleg tables were usually oval or circular, rectangular gatelegs, conceived en suite with U-shaped gateleg end-sections, emerged during the reign of George II ( 1727-60). The earliest recorded extending dining-table was that supplied to Sir Robert Walpole for Houghton Hall, Norfolk, c.1730. Conceived with two single gateleg denn-lure end-sections and two double-gatelcg central sections, which could be easily stored away when not in use, it has a moulded top and is supported on 32 ring-turned columnar legs with bun feet. However, this design had its failings, as the vast number of legs made it awkward for large numbers of sitters to be seated, and it was only with the introduction of leaves that more guests could be accommodated comfortabl,.
18TH-CENTURY DINING-TABLES
During the reign of George II, dining-tables with pedestal supports were introduced. Invariably of mahogany, with D-shaped ends and up to as many as five further rectangular tilt-top central sections, the earliest examples made during the 1750s have a separate pedestal to support each section. These pedestals, closely mirroring contemporary tripod tables in design, were initially simple, with a ring-turned columnar or gun-barrel shaft supported on cabriole legs, and pad feet, often with leather casters. During the 1760s the shafts of the pedestals became increasingly rich in both form and carving, perhaps with a vase-shaped baluster and spiral-fluting, or foliate trails to the knees. The tops, joined together by brass U-shaped hooks, were usually covered with linen tablecloths, and were therefore invariably rather plain, as crossbanding was only introduced in the last quarter of the 18th century. Most examples of this period were made of mahogany, with the best timber available being employed to impress. With the advances of Neo-classicism, the pedestals again became increasing]) restrained in form and decoration, the vase-shaped shafts of the 1780s and 1790s giving way to ring-turned columns with dokvnswcpr reeded legs.
Although, rather surprisingly, designs for dating- tables did not feature in I ;ih-century pattern-books, Thomas Chippendale ( 1718-79) certainly supplied several, Sir Edward Knatchbull being charged f5 for “2 Mahogany round ends to Join his Dining-Tables, with 2 pair of strap Hinges, Hooks and Eyes” in 1769. While the tilt-top central sections of pedestal dining-tables could certainly be stored away when not in use, they were still somewhat cumbersome. A sophisticated refinement, therefore, was the Cumberland-action table, which first appeared in the 17-()s. Named after Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland, brother of George III, these dining-tables have double-gateleg scissor-action central sections and single-gatcleg end-sections, which can all support further leaves when opened. They arc more stable and easier to enlarge than pedestal dining-tables; their tops are often both moulded and thinner, the most accomplished examples being veneered with exceptional richly figured timber, particularly fiddleback (flame) or plum-pudding mahogany, often crossbanded with tulipwood, padouk, or ebony. Provincial versions of this table were also made, usually constructed of solid mahogany. However, rather than having rent cable leaves to reduce or enlarge the size, these had instead double-gatcleg-action central sections with attached leaves, which hung down when not in use.
During the late 18th century, dining-tables in the Neo-classical taste were made throughout northern Europe and North America. Usually with two semicircular end-sections, often above a plain panelled frieze, and further leaves, supported on square, tapering or turned and fluted legs, Russian and Louis XVI examples are often enriched with brass collars and flutes. While French and German examples are usually made of mahogany, Swedish, Danish, and Russian dining-tables are often of Karelian birch and cherry.
19TH-CENTURY DINING TABLES
This basic form of dining-table described above could not support more than one leaf between pedestals securely and thus Thomas Sheraton (1751-1806) revealed in The Cabinet Dictionary (1803), pedestal dining-tables enjoyed enduring popularity: “The common useful dining-tables arc upon pillar and claws, generally four claws to each pillar, with brass castors. dining-table of this kind may be made to any size, by having a sufficient quantity of pillars and claw, parts, for between each of them is a loose flap, fixed by means of iron straps and buttons so that they arc easily taken off and put aside”. Such massive “pillar” or pedestal dining-tables, often lavishly decorated with classically inspired motifs, such as claw monopodium and Roman acanthus scrolls, as popularized by George Smith (active c.1786-1828), continued to be made throughout the 19th century. In North America, mahogany pedestal dining-tables with columns on platform supports with sabre legs were made in the Federal style, and after 1815 in the Regency style, by such cabinet-makers as Duncan llhxfe ( 1 76 8-1 8 54) in New York. After 1820 this type Was largely replaced by Empire pedestal dining-tables, with heavier carved pillar supports resting on platform hales, often with four curved legs and animal-paw feet.
Although telescopic dining-tables (discussed right) were popular during the 19th century, both in Britain and abroad, their form when extended could only ever be rectangular. It was the inventor and cabinet-maker Robert Jupe of New Bond Street who revolutionized the design of oval and circular dining-tables in the reign of William IV (1830-37). In 1835 he was granted a patent – subsequently known as “Jupe’s patent” – for the design of a segmental extending dining-table. This mechanism, whereby the segments of the top could be pulled out on their brass-channelled runners and further segments could be placed between them, increased the circumference of the table by up to half as much again, and applied equally well to both circular and oval dining-tables. Jupe dining-tables were invariably made of mahogany and were usually supplied with two sets of leaves, together with a leaf-case, which enabled a typical circular table to be approximately 1.41n (4ft 7in) in circumference when closed, 1.81n (5ft I I in) when partially extended, and 2.1m 16ft I fill) when fully extended. Usually supported on baluster shafts and channelled downswept legs with lion’s-paw, feet, most Jupe tables are stamped “Johnstone Jupe & Co., New Bond Street” and numbered. Long admired, this pattern was inevitably imitated by Jupe’s contemporaries, but those that carry the Johnstone Jupe & Co. stamp command a considerable premium.
TELESCOPIC DINING-TABLES
Although the firm of Gillow (est. c.1730) of Lancaster is best known for its restrained and often utilitarian mahogany furniture of superb technical craftsmanship, ri ship, it also manufactured some novel forms. In 1805 Richard Gillow (1734-1811) patented a design for the “Imperial Extending Dining Table”, which was “calculated to reduce the number of legs, pillar and claws and to facilitate their enlargement and reduction”; the perennial problem of enlarging a dining-table without having to store numerous tilt-top pedestals was therefore fully addressed. This new device, “whereby the two ends of the table are connected by pieces of wood, so joined together to form what are commonly called lazy tongs”, meant that any number of leaves could be added to the “telescopic” frame when it was extended. Distinguished by their finely figured mahogany, seeded edges above a plain panelled frieze, and reveled baluster legs, Gillow’s dining-tables are among the most famous and sought after. They were made throughout the 19th century, and their date is usually betrayed by the increasing thickness of the top and the more bulbous, heavier, and often carved legs supported by ceramic rather than brass casters. From c.1780 the firm stamped much its furniture with one of several marks including “GILLOWSLANCASTER” and individual craftsmen often signed their work in pencil.

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Gateleg and dropleaf tables.
Tables that can extend are adaptable, and this quality has ensured the continuous survival of the gateleg for at least four centuries. A gateleg table is one with a flap (or flaps) which, when extended, rests on supports swinging out from the the table’s undcrtrarric. The supports consist of legs, joined by stretchers at the top and bottom to form gate-like structures.
17TH-CENTURY GATELEG TABLES
Small side tables with foldover tops and pivoting gateleg arrangements were already among the luxury furnishings of grand houses in the 16th century. As domestic comfort increased during the 17th century, so such tables proliferated. Early examples tend to be of half-round or half-ellipse shape when folded, with a doubled-over top hinged across the straight edge. When pulled away from the wall and opened out this top forms a circle or an oval, supported firmly underneath by its joined gate-frame, which pivots outward on wooden hinges from the centre of the LinderftarrC at both top and bottom. Variants of this scheme include square or octagonal tops, and tables with baseboards between the stretchers of the main structure.
As dining habits evolved in the later 17th century, and the large communal hall was replaced by more intimate parlours where meals were taken, the long, rectangular trestle table gave way to rounded gateleg tables, convenient and conducive to conversation. They could be moved away from the centre of a room and folded down to a note compact size when space was needed for dancing or music-making.
The later 17th century was the golden period of the gateleg table, with a plethora of variations on the basic structure being made. Foldover tops continued, especially for small tables for gaming and needlework, but they were largely superseded by the type consisting of a fixed central section with a hinged flap and a gateleg on either side. The supports for the flaps generally swivelled out from one end of the central rectangular structure and folded back parallel with it. Extra large tables, which might seat up to twelve people comfortably, would have two gates on each side to support the flap. Rule joins between the flaps and the fixed central sections of good-quality gateleg tables made after c. 1690 gave smooth contact between the edges of the central section and the flaps without leaving any gaps.
DESIGN VARIATIONS
In many gateleg tables there was a drawer, or even two, in the frieze of the central section. Small foldover tables of exceptional quality might have three or more small drawers opening in the rounded face of a wide frieze. An unusual type of small table had a single central gate that pivoted in the centre of the underframe, to support either a leaf on each side or a vertically tilting solid top, made without flaps. Another rare alternative was a small cupboard at one or both ends of the central scctjnon of a two-flap table.
The greatest variation in appearance was given by the decorative treatments of legs and stretchers. Plain bar supports might be
grooved or given profile shaping, while hamster, bobbin, or spiral turning resulted in some exuberant underframes, which have developed a rich patina over the years. Carving on friezes and stretchers was common on early tables with foldover tops, but not on larger gateleg tables with fall flaps. The most common late 17 th-century gateleg tables were made in oak or elm, while the finest are of walnut, cedar, yew, or some other rare, but usually native, timber. Fruinvoods, such as apple, pear, or cherry, supplemented oak and elm in rural areas.
DROPLEAF TABLES
Gateleg tables, mainly of oak and elm, were made throughout the 18th century, chiefly for the homes of farmers and the more prosperous country people. Their place at the forefront of fashion was taken from c.1720 by the dropleaf table: a type of flap table with a pivoting leg to support the extended leaf but without the under-stretcher, of the gate-Form underframing. Both types of table reflect the increasingly comfortable and civilized surroundings and activities of the 18th-century middle classes – dining, tea-drinking, card-playing, doing needlework, and conversing in small groups.
As with the design of chairs at this time, the understretcher was relinquished. By the end of Queen Anne’s reign (1714), both tables and chairs were usually supported on cabriole legs without understretchers. The undcrfrunung of the table was now confined to the underside of the top, and the moving supports. The supports consisted of legs joined at right angles to sturdy rails, pivoted outward on wooden knuckle hinges set into the central undcrframe. The flaps u; to generally secured to the central section of the top with brass rule
hinges, countersunk into the underside.
Some dropleaf tables were made of oak or walnut, but fashionable mahogany was
the choice for most after c.1730. The outward curves of the cabriole 1( were often embellished with cars I acanthus leaves or lion-masks; carved claw-and-ball feet were a similar decorative change from plain pad feet. Less stylish but eminently serviceable were the square and rectangular dropleaf tables, operating on the same principle as round tables and produced for the rest of the century.
The dropleaf table, like the gateleg, continued to be widely made and used, particularly in provincial districts where both types could be considered traditional rather than fashionable pieces of furniture. Plenty of examples still exist and are to be found in such locally available timbers as fruitwood, ash, elm, yew and oak, as well as mahogany. As with most regional furniture of enduring design, it is often very difficult to attribute anything more than a vague date to them.
SPIDER-LEG AND SUTHERLAND TABLES
The gateleg principle was adopted for an exceptionally delicate form of flap-top table, which was popular during the 1760s and 1770s. Appropriately known as a spider-leg table, from the slenderness of its supports, it was a small occasional table for use in the drawing-room, made in fine timbers. Its turned legs and stretchers were usually quite plain, and it had either one or two flaps; some examples have cleverly curved base stretchers to make space for the user’s legs.
A new form of flap table was introduced during the mid-19th century. Known as a Sutherland table, it was named after the Duchess of Sutherland, Queen Victoria’s Mistress of the Robes, and was a sort of cousin to the Pembroke table. It was characterized b) an extremely narrow central section supported off a trestle-like, cheval or “horse” base . se with a relatively deep flap on either side. The base, with its sturdy supports and splayed feet at either end, was often embellished with carving or turning in the full-blown Victorian manner, while the flap supports, which pivoted outward from the centre of the underframe just below, the top, tended to be comparatively slim. The usefulness of such a table is immediately apparent: its narrowness in the folded position enables it to be tucked away in a small space, while the deep flaps provide a relatively spacious top when opened out. Sutherland tables were made with rectangular as well as rounded flaps. While the best were of figured walnut or some other eye-catching timber, sometimes with inlaid or marquetry decoration as an additional embellishment, more utilitarian versions were produced in oak, chit, or even painted pine. Nearly Lill of these types have casters attached to the feet for extra mobility.
Other types of space-saver on the dropleaf principle included 18th-century North American butterfly tables, named after the shape of the supports for the leaves, and handkerchief tables, with triangular tops and leaves.

Tables are arguably the most essential item of furniture. Known to have been made in ancient Egypt, they have evolved from the very simplest utilitarian form to items of great splendour and ingenuity. The table is a good record of the changing habits of the societies for which they were made. In the Middle Ages meals were taken in vast halls and suitably large tables were made to accommodate the numerous guests. However, by the 18th century meals were taken in more intimate surroundings, which gave rise to the need for smaller tables that could be set aside when not in use. Of course tables were not just for serving or eating, but also for playing games, working, sewing, reading, or purely for ornamental purposes.
Early tables
During the Middle Ages, banquets were the principal ceremony in any wealthy household and invariably took place in the Great Halt. The high table, usually placed on a raised dais beneath a canopy, was reserved for the master of the house, his family, and guests. Meanwhile, the rest of the household and retainers sat at side tables, drawn into the centre of the room and set at right angles to the high table. Flemish, British, and French trestle tables, dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, are usually of massive boards of indigenous woods such as oak or elm, above a central support, and with two or three sturdy trestle supports. Originally functional and plain, the top was draped with a cloth – textiles gave colour and decoration to interiors, and the table was another surface to cover. Man- tables were later embellished with carving. These earliest trestle tables were often designed to be taken down and removed after meals, the tops themselves being detachable to make way for dancing and festivities in the Hall. Contrastingly, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese collapsible trestle-tables of the 16th and 17th centuries tend to have planked tops of walnut, rosewood, or chestnut, with X-shaped iron supports or stretchers to stabilize the end-supports.
“JOYNED” AND DRAW-LEAF TABLES
During the 15th and 16th centuries the more stable, although still collapsible, “joyned” tables evolved. The precursors of 16th-century refectory tables, these tables had trestles strengthened by side-rails and stretchers, which were secured through the end-supports bi, stout, tapering, triangular pegs. Also of oak, elm, or chestnut, these “tables upon a frame” were more permanent fixtures, and were usually supplied with matching stools. When not in use the stools were stored away beneath the table frame, with the scats facing out and testing upon the stretchers. The tables were frequently elaborately carved with Gothic foliage, or even with grotesque beasts.
With their heavy fixed tops, these early trestle tables were not suitable for seating the continually changing numbers of diners, and a more sophisticated design therefore emerged. The innovative “draw-leaf” table was developed in Germany, The Netherlands, and Britain in the mid-16th century; the length of the table could he doubled b., pulling out “draw-leaves” at each end, upon which the top rested when closed (hence the appearance of a double thickness top). The basic design of the draw-leaf table was inspirational to Regency cabinet-makers in Britain, as well as to British vernacular furniture-makers of the 19th and 20th centuries.
REFECTORY TABLES
During the 16th century refectory tables – so-called because they originated in monasteries, where the eating room was known a refectory – became increasingly elaborately decorated. Italian refectory tables were made of walnut and were initially restrained in character, perhaps with turned column legs or carved gadrooncd or fluted decoration to the friezes. This style gradually gave way to fabulous tables with boldly sculptural carved end-supports, with figures, foliage, and nymphs or sphinxes on lion supports. The ideas of Italy travelled northward to France, especially the exaggerated and attenuated forms of early Mannerism, as popularized by the painter Giulio Romano ( 1499-1546) when lie left Italy to join the court of Francis I at the chateau of Fontainebleau, outside Paris. Such decorative schemes were swiftly adopted by Flemish and German craftsmen in the later 16th century; it was the latter who developed the fashion for exaggerated vase-shaped legs, often carved with grotesque faces and lion-masks. Through the published designs of northern Mannerist architects such as Hans Vredeman do Vries (1526—c.1604), as well as the work of immigrant craftsmen, the fashion was transmitted further through Europe, and spread to Britain. Examples of British 16th- and 17th-century refectory tables are distinguished by their bulbous legs, often carved with foliate arabesques, while friezes are often embellished with naive inlay of interlaced designs incorporating architectural arcades or grotesque beasts.
While walnut was much used in southern Europe and in court pieces elsewhere, oak predominates in central and northern Europe. The carving was bold, individual, and well executed. The carvers worked to a high standard, with good spatial awareness, and there is a robustness about the pieces that diminished toward the end of the 17th century.
The art of wood turning was an important 17th-century development. This was not a new discovery, and had certainly been practiced in ancient Egypt.
With the increased use of rigid pieces of furniture, more attention was paid to the way in which the exposed wood was displayed. During the 17th century, table designs became lighter and more refined, with baluster or columnar rather than bulbous legs, finished with ring-turned mouldings. Friezes became increasingly restrained, sometimes subtly enriched with parquetry decoration incorporating fine specimen woods or fluting. I hese later examples are often dated and carved with initials, perhaps to commemorate a marriage. However, beware as these dates can be spurious and applied considerably later, particularly in the 19th century when Lill things -jacobethan” enjoyed a revival. Victorian copies of these tables are generally more poorly produced and lack the bold confidence of their 17thMltlury counterparts.
While trestle and “]oynecl” refectory tables continued to be made in northern Europe, as well as by provincial furniture-makers in England well into the 19th century, the fashion for eating “in Hall” was gradually abandoned in the late 17th century in favour of smaller dining-rooms. As life became more settled, and merchant classes grew, new types of table developed to suit their needs. Even in aristocratic circles the scale of houses diminished and dining became more intimate.
OTHER SMALLER TABLES
Matching furniture to a specific room was a concept that spread from Spain to the rest of Europe and became a major influence in furniture design. Rooms acquired more furniture, although they N were still sparsely furnished by today’s standards. As part of this scheme small tables played an important role. Many types, such as the credence table, were designed to perform specific functions, although often those uses have now lapsed. Since the table formed such an integral part of day-to-day life at all levels, its deNelopicient, style, construction, timber, and name closely reflected progressions and changes within society.
As tables diversified, drawers became common additions. The decorative turnings were more refined; small tables now had slender baluster or bobbin turnings, which were a significant development from the heavier and more sturdy legs of the previous century. Small, occasional, side tables were produced on a large scale, and fortunately many have survived. Set against walls, they developed into more formalized console tables, which were an important feature in grand interiors from the beginning of the 18th century. ‘The 16th century, with the early 17th, is considered to be the age of the joiner, but as fashions and woodworking skills developed, increasing rapidly throughout the 17th century, his position was taken by the cabinet-maker, who developed and refined the table throughout the I8th century.

William Iv, 3 Arched Glazed Doors Over 3 Paneled Doors, 101 X 64 In.

Walnut, Ogee-molded Cornice, Glazed Doors, C.1850, 88 X 57 X 13 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Feet, C.1900, 31 X 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, C.1880, 86 X 52 X 23 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Molded Cornice, 2 Doors, Brass Grills, 81 X 59 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Applied Lead Grill Strapping, 51 X 42 In.

Regency Style, Pine, Shelves, Reeding, Lion Masks, Paw Feet, 42 X 58 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Projecting Center Section, 84 X 102 In.

Pearson, 3-stack, Oak, Leaded Glass Door, 47 X 34 X 13 In.

Oak, Leaf Carved, Flower Medallion, 2 Shelves, 46 X 42 X 13 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 55 X 59 X 12 1/2 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Scroll Carving, Claw Feet, 56 X 48 X 15 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Adjustable Shelves, 1920s, 78 X 48 In.

Neoclassical, Rosewood, Gilt Decoration, Baltimore, C.1820, 91 X 76 In.

Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Rosette Corners, 3 Glazed Doors, 59 X 73 In.

Mahogany, Marquetry, Arched, Glazed Doors, Drawers, Dutch, 87x 65 In.

Mahogany, Crossbanded, 2 Doors, Shelves, Drawers, 83 1/2 X 48 X 21 In.

Mahogany, 3 Doors, Carved Baluster Posts, Claw Feet, C.1910, 58 X 20 In.

Mahogany, 20th Century, 75 1/2 X 60 X 17 In.

Macey, Oak, Nut Brown Finish, 4-stack, Paneled Ends, 63 X 52 In.

Louis Philippe, Mahogany, Glazed Door, C.1850, 48 X 37 In., Pair

Lifetime, Oak, Glass Door, 4 Shelves, 59 X 31 In.

Lifetime, Door, 4 Shelves, Copper Hardware, 54 X 28 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Glass Panes, 52 X 12 X 56 In.

John Shaw & Son, William Iv, Mahogany, C.1835, 71 X 58 In.

Grain Painted, Dovetailed Case, 3 Drawers, 48 X 42 X 10 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stack, Early 20th Century, 10 X 34 In. ~illus

Georgian Style, Walnut, Oak, Glazed Door, Shell-carved Cabriole Legs, 76 In.

George Iv, Rosewood, Brass Mounted, Parcel Gilt, C.1820, 38 X 30 In., Pair

George Iii, Mahogany, Wooden Screws, Drawer, Bun Feet, 1800s, 23 X 23 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Drawer, Door, C.1790, 49 X 24 X 12 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Inlaid, Cylindrical, 1900s, 26 3/4 X 22 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Cornice, Astragal Glazed Doors, 81 X 52 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, C.1850, 94 X 135 In.

George Ii Style, Mahogany, Early 20th Century, 47 X 60 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, V-shaped Pulls, Paper Label, 56 X 60 X 13 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, Open Door, 6 Shelves, Arched Toe Board, Columns, 48 X 58 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 12-pane Doors, 56 X 60 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 56 1/2 X 45 1/2 X 13 In. ~illus

G. Nakashima, Walnut, C.1972, 48 X 36 X 12 In.

English Oak, 2 Doors, Early 20th Century, 73 X 43 1/2 X 17 3/4 In.

Cherry, Beaded Back Panels, Pullout Drawer, Doors, 6 Panes, 95 X 45 In.

Blue Paint, Blocked Cornice, Open Shelves, 2-drawer Base, 73 X 53 In.

Biedermeier, Fruitwood, Ebonized Trim, 2 Glazed Doors, 72 X 50 In.

Barrister, Ebonized Oak, Checker Inlay, England, Late 1800s, 81 X 35 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Dark Stain, Tapered Sides, 6 Shelves, 45 X 18 X 13 In.

Arts & Crafts, Mullions, Backsplash, Shelves, 56 X 42 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Gallery Top, 8 Panes, Hammered Copper, 56 X 47 1/2 In.

Art Deco, Rosewood, Inlaid, France, C.1925, 40 X 10 X 44 In.

Art Deco, Asian Hardwoods, 60 X 33 X 15 In.

Aesthetic Revival, Ebonized, Carved Frieze, C.1875, 68 1/2 X 33 X 16 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Glazed Doors, 80 X 57 X 18 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 91 X 54 X 17 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Turned Pilasters, 44 X 53 In.

Weis Furniture, Oak, Stack, 8 Sections, Drawer, 34 X 11 X 95 In.

Walnut, Rope-carved Border, Drawer, Lion’s-paw Feet, 69 X 52 In.

Walnut, Crossbanded, 3 Doors, Bracket Feet, 42 1/2 X 60 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Sections, 89 1/2 X 52 X 18 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Rosewood, Cornice, Glass Doors, 49 X 19 X 92 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Gallery, Rosette & Line Carving, 54 X 15 X 71 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Cornice, 2 Glass Doors, Over Drawer, 43 X 79 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved, 3 Sections, 3 Drawers, 79 X 19 X 96 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, Urn Crest Finial, Glass Doors, 53 X 16 X 77 In.

Victorian, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Cornice, 58 X 48 X 14 In.

Udell, Oak, Stack, 6 Sections, 33 3/4 X 12 X 82 1/4 In.

Tiger Maple, 2 Sections, 4 Doors, New England, C.1835, 92 X 94 In.

Rohde, Herman Miller, C.1939, 25 X 36 X 13 In., Pair

Revolving, Oak, Glass Door, Molded Panel, 16 X 36 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Crossbanded, Marquetry, 34 X 18 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Inlaid Elm, Square Top, Crossbar, 31 X 18 In.

Revolving, Edwardian Style, Mahogany, Burl Walnut, 31 X 18 In.

Revolving, Danners, Mahogany, Canton, Ohio, 20 X 21 X 43 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved, 2 Doors, 57 X 54 X 16 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Shelves, 90 X 74 X 20 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Pediment, Paneled Doors, 89 X 38 X 16 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Maidens’ Heads, 37 X 31 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Early 1800s, 36 1/2 X 54 X 13 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Waterfall, 4 Tiers, 43 X 39 X 11 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Graduated Shelves, 44 X 39 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Gallery, Cock-beaded Edges, 44 X 39 In., Pair

Oriental, Elm, High Legs, 9 Sections, 3 Drawers, 63 X 20 X 76 In.

Onondaga Shops, No. 519, Gallery Top, 2 Doors, 56 1/2 X 52 In.

Oak, Stack, 5 Sections, Gallery Top, Paneled Ends, 32 X 12 X 67 In.

Oak, Stack, 5 Sections, Cornice Base, 34 X 12 X 66 In.

Oak, Carved, Turned Columns, Drawers, 19th Century, 86 X 73 X 19 In.

Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, Continental, Late 1800s, 64 1/2 X 78 In.

Maple, Brass, Decorative Wood Inlays, 1950s, 29 X 36 X 13 In.

Mahogany, Waterfall, 4 Shelves, 2 Drawers, England, 49 X 26 X 12 In.

Mahogany, Step Back, 2 Sections, Double Doors, 68 X 19 X 93 In.

Mahogany, Raised Corner Blocks, Incised Rosettes, 46 X 13 X 46 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, C.1920, 36 X 24 X 11 In., Pair

Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, Reeded Half Columns, 45 X 30 X 10 In.

Mahogany, 3 Doors, Carved Posts, Claw Feet, 1910, 58 X 77 X 20 In.

Louis Xvi Style, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, C.1885, 74 X 59 In.

Louis Philippe, Cuban Mahogany, Overhanging Cornice, 71 X 40 X 13 In.

Limbert, No. 372, 2 Arched Doors, 6 Shelves, Copper, 60 X 48 In.

Limbert, No. 359, Overhanging Top, 3 Glazed Doors, 57 X 66 In.

Limbert, No. 321, 2 Leaded Glass Doors, 7 Shelves, 54 X 43 In.

Limbert, Ebon-oak, 2 Doors, 6 Shelves, Copper, 60 X 48 X 14 In.

Limbert, Ash, 2 Doors, Iron Hardware, Slab Sides, 44 X 14 X 56 In.

Limbert, 1 Door, Leaded Glass, Through Tenon, Paper Label, 55 In.

Lifetime, Door, Overlaid Mullions, 28 X 13 X 56 In.

Lifetime Puritan, Glass Doors, Paper Label, 51 1/2 X 45 In. , Illustrated

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Gallery Top, Through Tenon, C.1912, 55 X 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 647, 3 12-pane Doors, Gallery Top, 55 X 73 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 637, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 36 X 13 X 56 In.

Heart Pine, 5 Adjustable Shelves, Beadboard Back, S.c., 84 X 56 X 13 In.

Gothic Revival, Oak, Timepiece, 3 Over 3 Doors, 1800s, 98 In.

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, 49 X 56 X 18 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stack, Cornice, 34 X 12 X 72 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Cornice, Fret Carved Frieze, 86 X 47 X 16 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed, 1800s, 80 X 43 X 18 In.

George Iii, Faux Bois, Cornice, Astragal Glazed Doors, 54 X 20 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Step Back, Drawers, 49 X 18 X 11 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 68 X 44 X 13 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2-panel Doors, Splayed Feet, 77 X 27 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 84 X 50 X 16 In.

G. Stickley, No. 716, 2 Doors, Through Tenon, 16 Panes, 56 X 43 In.

G. Stickley, No. 542, 2 Doors, 56 X 36 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Through Tenon, 16 Panes, 56 X 46 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Mullion, Harvey Ellis, 42 X 14 X 64 In.

Federal Style, Pine, Double, 20th Century, 87 X 97 X 19 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, 3 Doors, 56 X 72 X 19 In.

Empire Revival, Mahogany, Stepped, 2 Doors, Shelves, 35 X 28 In.

Edwardian, Burl Walnut, Bookmatched Top, 38 X 51 In.

Circassian Walnut, Adjustable Shelves, Early 1800s, 46 X 42 In.

Baltic, Ebonized, 2 Glazed Doors, Paneled, Drawers, 72 X 47 X 14 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Glass Door, 1900s, 52 X 29 X 15 In., Pair

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Galleried Top, 4 Shelves, 78 X 39 X 15 In.

Arts & Crafts, Door, Shelves, Front Cutout, 33 X 13 X 48 In.

American Restauration, Mahogany, Stepped Top, 4 Doors, 67 X 82 In.

American Restauration, Mahogany, Ogee Cornice, 2 Doors, 87 X 64 In.

3 Glazed Doors, 3 Drawers, Turned Columns, C.1875, 74 1/2 X 58 X 14 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 94 X 88 X 17 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 90 X 70 1/2 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1977, 48 X 48 X 9 3/4 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 90 X 103 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, Label, 56 X 13 In.

Mission, Oak, 2 Doors, Glass Sides ~illus

Wormley, K 89-4, Pyramid, Mahogany, Drexel, 1956, 55 x 19 x 24 In.

Walnut, Carved Crest, Burled Drawer Base, C.1880, 91 x 43 x 17 In.

Walnut, 3 Vertical Compartments, 3 Drawers, Victorian

Walnut, 3 Sections, Glass Doors, Half Spiral Columns, 63 x 128 x 19 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Columns, Burled Crest, C.1880, 84 1/2 x 47 x 20 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, C.1885, 16 1/4 x 13 x 9 3/4 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Doors, Copper Hardware, Handle Cutouts, 29 x 54 x 31 In.

Stacking, Mission, 3 Sections Over Drawer, 48 x 34 1/2 x 23 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, Open, 3 Shelves, C.1910, 38 x 15 1/2 x 53 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, Iron Handle, 40 x 15 x 55 In.

Revolving, Victorian, Mahogany, Satinwood Strung, C.1890, 32 x 21 In.

Revolving, Regency Style, Inlaid Yew, Circular Top, 31 x 20 1/2 In.

Revolving, George Iii Style, Inlaid Satinwood, Circular, 39 x 17 1/4 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Crossbanded, Quatrefoil Base, 32 x 19 In.

Revolving, Barrister, Mahogany, 4 Tiers, Molded Slats, 59 x 24 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Arched Glass Door, 99 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Ebonized, Burled, C.1875, 78 In.

Regency, Rosewood, Brass Inlay, Grill Inset Doors, 75 x 39 x 21 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Open, Early 19th Century, 33 x 28 1/2 x 14 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 4 Open Shelves, C.1815, 41 x 37 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Split Pane Doors, Beaded, C.1835, 36 1/2 x 31 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, C.1850, 85 x 36 x 24 In.

Queen Anne Style, Walnut, Waterfall, 2 Drawers, 44 1/2 x 23 In., Pair

Queen Anne Style, Sliding Doors, C.1920

Pine, 3 Shelves, Bracket Feet, Shaped Returns, Lap Joints, 43 1/2 x 30 x 11 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, Sliding Glass Doors, Lock, 52 x 35 1/2 x 14 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Doors, Fixed Shelves, 63 x 54 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Doors, Fixed Shelf, 63 x 54 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Oak, Double Doors, Brass Floral Basket Hinges, American, 65 x 56 In.

Neoclassical, Mahogany, Open, North Italy, C.1835, 39 x 39 In., Pair

Mission, Limbert, Heart Cutouts, 58 x 39 3/4 x 13 In.

Michigan Chair Co., 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 36 x 12 x 45 In.

Mccobb, Directional, Saffron Finish, 2 Shelves, 32 x 14 1/4 In.

Mccobb, Birch, 2 Open Shelves, Black Metal Stand, 33 x 36 x 12 In.

Mahogany, Wood Screws, 2 Drawers, England, C.1850, 58 x 26 x 15 In.

Mahogany, Carved Base, Winged Griffin Supports, C.1880, 92 x 108 In.

Limbert, 3 Doors, 57 x 66 1/2 x 14 In.

Lifetime, No. 7218, Door, 10 Top Squares, Copper Hardware, 28 x 56 In.

Lifetime, 1 Panel Glass Door, Mullion Overlay, 53 1/2 x 27 x 13 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, 2 Doors, 12 Panels, 52 x 12 x 56 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, 56 x 40 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 641, Door, Cooper Pull, 16 Panes, 55 x 30 x 12 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 637, 2 Doors, Arched Apron, 55 x 36 x 13 3/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 326 1/2, Door, 12 Panes, Key Tenon, 33 x 56 In.

Irish Regency, Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, 97 x 78 x 16 In.

Gothic Revival, Walnut, 3 Glass Doors, C.1850, 71 3/4 x 107 x 19 In.

Gothic Revival, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, C.1850, 71 3/4 x 84 x 19 In.

George Iii, Sheraton Style, Mahogany, 4 Doors, 2 Glazed, 87 x 45 1/2 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Cupboard Doors, 76 x 41 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 4 Drawers, C.1785, 92 x 40 x 22 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, C.1900, 34 x 35 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, 86 1/2 x 52 1/4 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 4 Glazed Doors, 80 x 43 x 17 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 88 x 44 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 47 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 716, 2 Doors, Glass, Iron Hardware, 43 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Key Tenon, 16 Glass Panes, C.1904, 46 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 24 Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 56 1/2 x 60 x 13 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1977, 36 x 40 x 12 In.

French Empire, Black Lacquer, Gilt Bronze, Inlaid, 19th Century, 44 x 43 In.

Flower Decoration, Molded Base, 2 Doors, Shelves, 43 x 12 1/2 x 38 In.

English Burl, Mahogany, Dovetailed, 13-panel Doors, 88 x 43 x 22 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Mullioned Double Doors, Paw Feet, 64 x 50 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, Brass, Grill Inset Doors, 78 x 63 x 9 In.

Corner, Mission, Oak, Geometric Glazed Doors, 52 x 36 1/2 x 27 In.

Charles X, Mahogany, Arched Grillwork, Doors, C.1835, 94 x 59 x 20 In.

Charles Limbert, Glazed Oak, 2 Doors, 4 Glass Panel, 1906, 48 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut, Ebonized, 2 Glazed Paneled Doors, 66 1/2 x 45 In.

Biedermeier, Mahogany, 2 Glass Paneled Doors, C.1825, 80 x 46 x 13 In.

Biedermeier, Fruitwood, Tympanum Drawers, 1800s, 76 x 48 x 21 In.

Barrister, Oak, Stacking, Cornice, Glazed Doors, Early 1900s, 103 x 34 In.

Barrister, Oak, 3 Sections, 3 Doors, Globe-wernicke, C.1900, 49 x 34 In.

Barrister, Mahogany, 6 Sections, Globe-wernicke, C.1910, 34 x 61 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Vertical Mullions, 6 Shelves, 47 x 13 x 58 In.

2 Glass Doors, Brass Pulls, Arched Stretchers, 56 x 57 1/4 x 13 1/2 In.

2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Hinges, Backsplash Galley, 52 x 40 x 14 In.

William Iv, Rosewood, Breakfront Center, Barley Twist Supports, 44 x 64 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Marble Top, 38 1/2 x 29 x 11 3/4 In.

Walnut, Molded Cornice, 2 Glazed Panel Doors, Raised Cabriole Legs, 61 In.

Walnut, Marquetry, Crossbanded, 19th Century, 36 x 39 x 11 In.

Walnut, Carved Burled Gallery, 2 Glass Doors Over 2 Drawers, 84 x 53 In.

Walnut, 4 Sections, Glass Door Front, 66 1/2 x 35 1/2 x 11 1/2 In.

Walnut, 3 Doors, 2 Carved, 4 Center Shelves, 70 x 66 x 15 1/4 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Carved Crest, C.1885, 104 x 50 x 19 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, Pedestal Doors, Drawers, 1840, 89 x 65 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, England, C.1885, 53 3/4 x 48 1/2 x 12 In.

Roycroft, Oak, Arch Top & Base, 3 Shelves, C.1907, 37 x 17 x 15 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, 20th Century, 50 x 16 x 53 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, C.1910, 40 x 15 x 55 In.

Revolving, Walnut, 3 Shelves, Slated Sides, 44 1/2 x 23 1/2 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Round, Crossbanded, England, 34 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Linenfold Inlay Top, England, 34 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Inlaid, Square Top, 3 Tiers, 37 x 18 x 18 In.

Revolving, John Danner, Oak, Tiers, Cast Iron Legs, C.1880, 51 In. ~illus

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, Ogee Feet, C.1900, 31 x 20 In.

Revolving, Cherry, Square Top, Round Corners, Casters, C.1890, 44 x 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Burl, Glazed Doors, Panels, 91 x 50 x 19 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 2 Glazed Doors, Plinth Base, 87 x 49 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, Paneled Doors, Pilasters, Cornice, 94 x 48 x 18 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Pilasters, Plinth Base, 95 x 50 x 18 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, C.1815, 88 x 35 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Sides, Casters, Handles, 41 x 30 1/2 x 13 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, Paneled Pilasters, 84 x 44 In.

Regency Style, Rosewood, Marble Top, 2 Doors, 1800s, 36 x 42 x 13 In.

Oak, Curved Glass, Shaped Curio Gallery, C.1890, 71 x 29 x 13 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Bow Center, Carved, Claw Feet, C.1885, 66 x 74 x 20 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Beveled Mirrors, Floral Carving, C.1885, 76 x 72 x 18 In.

Oak, 2 Mullioned Doors, Acanthus Columns, Claw Feet, 53 x 54 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 61 1/2 x 56 x 15 1/2 In.

Napoleon Iii, Walnut, 3 Sections, Glazed Door, 1800s, 97 x 84 x 25 In.

Mahogany, Step-down, 3 Doors, Curved Glass, 70 x 63 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Mortised Joints, Dovetailed, Doors, England, 17 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Frieze, 2 Glazed Doors, Pillars, 72 x 16 x 61 In.

Mahogany, Maple, Scroll Top, New England, 18th Century, 84 3/4 In.

Mahogany, Inlaid Top, Gadrooned Edge, Glazed Panel Doors, 48 x 38 In.

Mahogany, Inlaid Frieze, 2 Shelves, 39 1/2 x 40 1/2 x 12 1/2 In., Pair

Mahogany, Glazed Paneled Doors, Shelves, 19th Century, 77 x 44 x 12 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, C.1900, 47 x 13 x 57 In.

Mahogany, 4 Glass Doors, 2 J-curved, Full Female Caryatids, 69 x 85 In.

Mahogany, 4 Glass & 2 Carved Doors, C.1885, 63 x 72 x 15 In.

Louis Xv Style, Fruitwood, Doors, Wire Grills, France, 53 x 35 x 14 In.

Limbert, Oak, No. 337, Door, Inlaid Copper & Pewter, 37 x 16 x 50 In.

Limbert, Glazed Oak, 2 Doors, 4 Glass Panels, 1906, 48 x 47 In.

Lifetime, Oak, No. 7663, Puritan Line, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Signed, 45 x 52 In.

Lifetime, Oak, 3 Doors, Gallery Top, Cloud Lift Apron, 57 x 56 1/2 x 13 In.

Lifetime, Oak, 1 Door, 10 Squares, Copper Hardware, 28 x 12 x 56 In.

Library, 3 Doors, Slide Desk, 19th Century, 59 1/2 x 89 x 14 In.

Lakeside Craft, Cutouts, 31 x 29 x 10 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, Copper Pulls, 55 x 52 x 12 In.

Kingwood, Gilt Bronze, Marquetry, 2 Drawers, 1880, 38 x 32 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, 3 Doors, Drawers, 82 x 23 x 44 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, 2 Doors Over 2 Drawers, 72 x 13 x 45 In.

Georgian, Yew, Carved, 2 Glazed Panel Doors, Splayed Legs, 93 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Slant Front, 18th Century, 92 x 48 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, 18th Century, 95 1/2 x 47 x 24 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed & Paneled Doors, 103 x 116 x 19 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 89 1/2 x 51 x 17 1/2 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Glazed Panel Doors, 2 Drawers, 93 x 22 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 86 1/2 x 52 In.

George Iii Style, Leather Inset, Chinoiserie, 95 x 84 x 20 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 83 x 70 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 8 Glass Panes, 3 Shelves, 56 1/4 x 42 3/4 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, 56 x 46 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 16 Glass Panes, Mortised, 56 x 43 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Glass Panes, Iron Pulls, 57 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, No. 715, Iron Pull, 36 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, Mitered Mullions, 32 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 1 Door, Leaded Panes, 36 x 14 x 58 In.

G. Nelson, Walnut, Steel, Thin Edge, Herman Miller, 1950s, 67 x 32 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 4 Shelves, C.1972, 49 3/4 x 60 x 23 In.

G. Nakashima, Black Walnut, C.1976, 60 x 50 In.

Federal Style, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Writing Drawer, 36 x 15 x 81 In.

Empire Style, Cream Paint, Gilt, France, 19th Century, 77 In.

Edwardian, Satinwood, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Paneled Doors, 86 In.

Chippendale, Mahogany, Slant Front, Drawers, C.1780, 88 x 40 In.

Chippendale Style, Mahogany, Pierced, Carved Pediment, 92 x 58 1/2 In.

Bowfront, 3 Doors, Carved Acorns & Leaves, C.1890, 78 x 70 x 22 In.

Biedermeier Style, Blond Wood, 2 Doors, 95 x 42 x 10 1/4 In., Pair

Barrister, Oak, 3 Tiers

Barrister, Mission Oak, 5 Tiers, 86 In.

Barrister, Mission Oak, 4 Tiers, Grand Rapids, 54 1/2 x 34 3/4 In.

Barrister, Globe-wernicke, Oak, 4 Tiers, Label, 1900

Bamboo, 4 Tiers, Open Back, Sides, Geometric, 51 x 26 x 11 In.

Arts & Crafts, Rectangular, Stretcher, Plank Sides, 26 1/2 x 24 x 11 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 5 Doors, Beveled Top, 64 x 34 x 15 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 2 Doors, Gallery, 6 Shelves, Latticework, 58 1/2 x 58 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Doors, Brass Hardware, V-board Back, 57 x 13 x 61 In.

Art Deco, Burl, 2 Glazed Doors Over 2 Solid Doors, 67 x 51 x 16 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Mullioned Doors, 2 Drawers, England, C.1818

Walnut, Pierced Cornice Set With Gargoyles, 92 In.

Walnut, Carved Gallery, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Half Drawers, 74 x 48 In.

Walnut, 3 Sections, 4 Adjustable Shelves, 78 x 25 1/2 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved Gallery, Glass Doors, 2 Drawers, 92 x 78 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved Gallery, Columns, Burled Panels, 75 x 19 x 53 In.

Victorian, Rosewood, Mid 19th Century, 64 x 53 x 17 3/4 In.

Victorian, Carved Gothic Dividers On 2 Glass Doors, 2 Drawers, 120 In.

Stickley Bros., Mahogany, Flowers, Leaded Glass, 60 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Glass Doors, Slatted Gallery Top, Brass Tag, 50 x 35 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Faux Mullion, Metal Tag, 53 x 48 In.

Roycroft, Oak, 3 Open Shelves, Marked Ledwidge, 38 In.

Rosewood, 12 Open Compartments, 2 Sliding Doors, Shelves, 79 1/2 In.

Rococo Style, Walnut, Carved, 2 Doors, Continental, 103 1/2 x 54 x 25 In.

Rococo Revival, Rosewood, Tracery, Drawers, 86 x 90 x 17 In.

Rococo Revival, Rosewood, Bonnet Top, Floral Crest, 124 x 66 x 25 In.

Revolving, Oak, 3 Tiers, Adjustable Bookrest, C.1880, 41 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 2 Divided Tiers, Casters, 31 x 18 1/2 In.

Revolving, Burl Walnut, Inlaid, 2 Tiers, X-brace, Casters, 18 1/2 x 31 In.

Regency, Oak, Carved Pediment, Doors, 93 x 88 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Carved, Glazed, Lion-paw Feet, 53 x 72 x 11 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, Bust, 98 x 56 1/2 x 19 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 42 x 36 x 14 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 84 x 54 x 20 In.

Pine, Dovetailed Case, 2 Drawers, Fitted Interior Locks, 27 1/4 In.

Pine, 3 Shelves, Molded Cornice, Red Repaint, 29 x 9 1/2 x 39 3/4 In.

Oak, 3 Sliding Doors, Reeded Pilasters, 68 1/2 x 72 1/2 x 15 In.

Oak, 3 Sections, Sliding Glass Doors, Early 20th Century, 34 x 11 x 45 In.

Oak, 3 Glazed Leaded Glass Paneled Doors, 1900s, 61 x 13 1/2 x 63 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Carved Door Panels, Beveled Mirrors, 90 x 18 x 56 In.

Marcel Breuer, 3 Shelves, Ebonized Wood, Chrome, 48 x 10 x 48 In.

Mahogany, Victorian, 4 Narrow Doors, 19th Century, 57 x 12 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Sliding Door, Carved, C.1885, 52 x 18 x 61 In., Pair

Mahogany, Mullioned Glass Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 93 In.

Mahogany, Figural Columns, Shaped Doors, C.1880, 66 x 16 x 52 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Lower Doors, 1820s, 90 1/2 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, Flower & Leaves Inlay, 64 x 53 In.

Mahogany, 2 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 4 Base Drawers, 88 1/2 In.

Mahogany, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Crisscross Front Panels, 46 x 49 x 13 In.

Lundstrom, Arts & Crafts, Leaded Glass Doors, Shelves, 53 x 68 x 12 In.

Limbert, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Adjustable Shelves, Copper Pulls, 57 x 40 1/2 In.

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Splayed Legs, 48 x 14 x 57 In.

Limbert, No. 340, Mahogany, 2 Divided Glass Panes, 32 x 11 x 46 In.

Limbert, No. 327, Mahogany, Dark Finish, 1 Door, 37 x 16 x 50 In.

Limbert, No. 222, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 38 x 14 x 51 In.

Limbert, 3 Doors, Divided Glass Panes, Copper, 9 Shelves, 56 x 14 x 50 In.

Limbert, 2 Doors, 6 Open-end Shelves, 48 x 12 x 46 In.

Lifetime, Open, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, 54 x 40 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, Finish, 2 Doors, 45 x 42 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, Dark Finish, 3 Doors, 54 x 55 In.

Lifetime, Drawer Over Door, Latticework Panes, Shelves, Label, 55 x 32 In.

Lifetime, 3 Doors, Faux Mullions, Gallery Top, 55 x 56 In.

Liberty, Oak, Open, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, C.1900, 47 x 36 In.

Liberty, Gallery Top, Small Cabinet, Leaded Glass Door, 47 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Glass-paneled Door, Gallery Top, 55 x 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 638, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 6 Panes, 48 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, Through Tenons, Decal, 56 x 39 x 13 In.

Harvey Ellis, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Paper Label, 58 x 42 In.

Harden, 2 Sliding Doors, Inset Brass Handles, 3 Shelves, 44 x 15 x 56 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacked, Oak, 6 Sections, Cincinnati, 88 x 34 In.

George Iv, Mahogany, Cross Braces, Open, Turned Legs, 72 x 15 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Pierced Pediment, Doors, Plinth, 95 x 60 x 20 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 5 Shelves, Ionic Columns, 83 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, Top-shaped Feet, 83 In.

George Iii, Gallery Top, Adjustable, England, 52 x 32 x 10 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, Rectangular Case, 3 Shelves, 1909, 56 3/8 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 36 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 703, Mahogany, 6 Adjustable Shelves, 58 In.

G. Stickley, No. 544, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 62 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 56 x 43 x 13 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, String Inlay, 3 Glass Doors, Early 20th Century

Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlaid, Glass Door, Mullions, 60 x 38 x 17 In., Pair

Cornice, 6 Beaded-edge Shelves, Cutout Feet, 78 x 54 In.

Clipped Corner Gallery, Glass Panel Door, 2 Shelves, 56 x 28 x 13 1/2 In.

Chippendale, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, Brass Screen Doors, 89 x 51 In.

Chippendale Style, Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, 13 Panes, 52 x 45 x 13 In.

Chinese, Rosewood, 4 Shelves, Mid 19th Century, 67 x 34 1/2 x 13 In.

Chestnut, Tapered Shelves, Keyed Tenons, 53 x 38 In.

Burl Trim, 3 Doors, 3 Drawers In Base, Shell Pulls, 105 x 76 In.

Black Japanned, Parcel Gilt, 3 Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 94 In.

Bamboo, Sea Grass Lined Top, 3 Open Shelves, 1880s, 36 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 2 Doors, Slag & Clear Glass, 4 Interior Shelves, 57 In.

Arts & Crafts, Center Glass Door, Narrow Side Doors, 48 x 13 x 55 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Leaded Glass, Inlaid Tulips, 52 x 46 In.

Walnut, Step Back, Beveled Doors, Hold 45 Drawers, 152 x 22 x 106 In.

Walnut, Scroll, Shell Cornice, Arched Doors, 2 Base Drawers, 1840, 67 In.

Walnut, Gilt, Conforming Molded Frieze, Brass Plinth, 52 1/4 In.

Walnut, Burl Columns & Panels, 2 Sections, 2 Drawers, 62 x 54 x 19 In.

Walnut, 3 Doors, Aesthetic Floral Columns, 1875, 68 x 19 In.

Walnut, 2 Glazed Doors Over 2 Drawers, Lower Doors, 84 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Burl Trim, Paneled Cornice, C.1880, 93 x 60 x 15 In.

Stickley Bros., Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Small Panes, 55 x 48 x 12 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 20 Panes, 46 x 16 x 71 In. ~illus

Rosewood, Open Shelves, Term Figures, Human Feet, 48 In.

Rosewood, Marble Top, 3 Glazed Doors, C.1825, 38 In.

Rohde, Exotic Wood, Ebonized Interior, Herman Miller, 41 3/4 In.

Rohde, Burl Veneer, 1 Drop Door, 2 Lower Drawers, 27 In.

Rococo, Walnut, Carved Arched Pediment, Foliage, 92 x 43 In.

Revolving, Walnut, Square Top, Slatted Ends, England, 43 x 23 x 25 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 2 Shelves, 31 x 19 1/2 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, 31 x 19 1/2 x 19 1/2 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved Crest, Burled Side Panels, 74 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Marble Top, 2 Open Shelves, 34 1/2 x 44 x 11 In.

Regency, Celadon, Open Shelves, 3 Cupboard Doors, 64 x 20 In.

Provincial, Louis Philippe, Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, 91 x 65 1/2 x 19 In.

Oak, Silver Leaf Border, Geometric Glazing On Door, C.1900, 65 1/4 In.

Oak, Pine, High Turned Feet, Acorn Finial, 29 1/2 x 18 x 68 In.

Oak, Molded Cornice, Fluted Columns, Plinth Base, 93 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Drawers Over 3 Glass Doors, Carved Demon Heads, 52 x 84 In.

Michigan Chair Co., 2 Doors, 44 1/2 x 36 In.

Mahogany, Pierced Gallery, Glazed Bars On Doors, 1840s, 51 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Open, Twist Turned Columns, 3 Shelves, 64 x 72 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Molded Top Over Paneled Frieze, Tapered Legs, 70 In.

Mahogany, Molded Edge, 3 Shelves, Plinth Base, 54 x 115 x 19 In.

Mahogany, Marble Top, 1850, 55 1/2 x 56 1/2 x 16 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Grill Inset Door, Over Projecting Door, C.1835, 72 x 32 In.

Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Silk Lined Shelves, Late 19th Century, 76 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, Molded Dentil, Foliate Mullions, 97 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Cherry Top, Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 92 In.

Mahogany, 4 Doors, Wooden Panel, 121 1/2 x 89 x 19 In.

Mahogany, 3 Glass Doors, Adjustable Shelves, Praying Monks, 58 1/2 In.

Mahogany Veneer, Reeded Sides, Flower Blossom In Center, 26 In.

Louis Xvi, Tulipwood, Rectangular Marble Top, Open, 46 In., Pair

Lifetime, No. 7218, Mahogany, 1 Door, 10 Squares, 28 x 12 x 56 In.

Lifetime, Golden Oak, 3 Doors, Glass Panels, 55 3/4 x 55 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Double Doors, Paper Label, 42 x 55 In.

Lifetime, 3 Doors, Gallery Top, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 56 1/4 In.

Liberty, Triple, Spade Cutouts, 3 Shelves, Leaded Glass Door, 71 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, 53 x 12 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 53 x 12 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 644, Open, Mortised Through Sides, Decal, 55 In.

Jules Leleu, Burl Walnut, C.1928, 56 1/2 x 43 x 12 1/2 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, Inlay, 2 Glass Doors, 1 Drawer, 78 In., 2 Piece

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, Original Glass, 83 x 52 1/4 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacking, Leaded Glass Top Door, 34 x 47 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacking, 3 Sections, 34 x 49 In.

Globe-wernicke, Drop Front, Mahogany, 9 Sections, 59 x 84 x 11 In.

Globe-wernicke, 4 Stack, Paper Label, 59 1/2 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 4 Shelves, French Feet, C.1780, 93 x 49 In.

George Iv, Mahogany, Gothic Arch Mullions, 90 x 45 x 22 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Doors, Molded Cornice, 84 1/2 In.

George Ii, Mahogany, Slant Front Top, 3 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 6 In.

G. Stickley, Overhanging Top, 3 Vertical Panes, 58 x 14 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 36 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 543, Mahogany, 12 Panes, 50 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 56 x 43 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, 55 1/2 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, V-pulls, Red Decal, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Hammered Copper, 56 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, Iron Hardware, No. 718, 56 x 54 In.

G. Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Iron V-pull, Red Decal, 56 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt-edge Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Stepped Cornice, Glazed Doors, 90 x 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Molded Edge Top, 4 Shelves, 34 x 50 1/2 In., Pair

Empire, Mahogany, Marble Top, Bronze Egyptian Stiles, 1810, 36 x 50 In.

Empire, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, C.1840, 85 x 62 In.

Empire Gothic, Mahogany, Mullioned Doors, 4 Shelves, C.1840, 83 x 52 In.

Edwardian, Satinwood, Double Glazed Doors, Bracket Feet, 77 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, C.1905, 60 1/4 x 66 x 15 1/2 In.

Eastlake, 2 Framed Glass Doors, Spoon Carved Finial, 92 x 40 In.

Colonial Revival, Rectangular Top, Foliate Scrolls, 1800s, 41 1/2 In.

Chippendale, Slant Front, Swan’s Neck Pediment, 4 Drawers, 77 In.

Chippendale, Robin’s-egg Blue, Black Flecks, 28 x 14 x 66 1/4 In.

Cherry, Step Back, 4 Glass Doors, Cornice, 110 x 78 x 17 In., 2 Piece

Cherry, Revolving, Inlaid Center, 3 Shelves, Lattice Sides, 43 In.

Carlton, Multilevel, Memphis, 1981, 72 1/2 In. ~illus

Bird’s-eye Maple, Birch, Glazed & Paneled Doors, 1860s, 85 3/4 In.

Biedermeier, Maple, Pedimented Cornice Over Doors, 76 In., Pair

Biedermeier, Birchwood, Brass Grillwork, 96 x 82 x 19 In.

Biedermeier, Birch, Stepped Cornice, 2 Doors, 1830s, 47 3/4 In.

Baker Furniture, Black Enamel, Brass Lattice Panel Doors, 35 x 35 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Upper Glass Panes, 2 Doors, 53 1/2 x 43 1/4 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Floral Design At Top, Leaded Glass Doors, 82 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 3 Shelves, Old Green Paint, C.1900, 55 x 25 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, Mahogany, 4 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 92 x 59 In.

Arts & Crafts, Dark Mahogany, 8-pane Doors, 54 1/2 x 46 x 12 In.

Arts & Crafts, Center Glass Side Paneled Doors, Shelves, 59 x 67 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Shelves, 2 Doors, 48 x 36 x 12 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Glass Paneled Doors, 8-pane Doors, 55 x 55 x 12 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Glass Doors, 3 Shelves, 56 x 61 x 13 In.

Aesthetic Revival, Walnut, Carved, 2 Glass Doors, C.1870, 104 x 72 In.

Aalto, Walnut, 4 Shelves, Dowel Leg Support, 100 x 34 1/2 In.

Aalto, Plywood, 4 Shelves, Svenska Arteck, 100 x 59 x 34 In.

Aalto, Attached Table, Dowel Leg, 4 Shelves, 100 x 59 1/2 In.

Walnut, Maple, Carved Fretwork, Birds On Top, 1900, 79 x 47 x 15 In.

Walnut, 2 Sections, 2 Glass Doors, Carved, 1870s, 103 In.

Walnut, 2 Dovetailed Drawers, 2 Paneled Doors, Zoar, Ohio, 73 1/2 In.

Stickley Brothers, Hammered Copper Ring Pull, 50 x 35 1/2 x 12 In.

Stacking, Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, Leaded Glass, 4 Sections, 34 x 67 In.

Roycroft, 4 Shelves, Base Drawer, Light Finish, 65 x 14 x 9 1/4 In.

Rococo, Rosewood, Fruit, Foliate Carving, Mid 19th Century, 89 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Inlay, 33 Shakespeare Volumes, C.1904, 6 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 1910s, 44 x 20 x 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Oak, Rectangular Top, 3 Aligned Drawers, 48 In.

Regency, Rosewood, Spiral Brass Molding, Paw Feet, 33 3/4 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 6 Doors, Rectangular Cornice, Key Border, 102 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 4 Graduated Shelves, 57 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Paneled Doors, Molded Edge Plinths, 84 In., Pair

Regency Style, Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 2 Grilled Doors, 61 In.

Plexiglas, Rounded Top, 5 Shelves, 48 x 12 1/2 x 84 In.

Oriental, Bamboo, 3 Shelves, Red Lacquer, 44 x 14 x 57 In.

Onondaga, No. 320, Door Opposite Open Shelves, 42 x 35 In.

Neoclassical, Pine, Double Glazed Doors, Germany, 77 x 35 In.

Neoclassical, Fruitwood, 2 Paneled Doors, Ormolu Mounts, 86 In.

Mccobb, Maple, 2 Shelves, Platform Stand, 60 x 18 x 34 In.

Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Egg-and-dart Molding, 2 Drawers, 33 In.

Mahogany, Arched Frieze, Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 88 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 56 3/4 x 53 1/4 In.

Limbert, No. 359, 3 Doors, Gallery, Branded, 57 x 66 1/2 x 14 In.

Limbert, No. 358, Corbel Supports, Copper Pulls, Arched Apron, 57 In.

Limbert, No. 314, Leaded Glass Door, Paper Label, 54 x 21 In.

Limbert, 2 Shelves Over 2 Doors, Heart-shaped Cutouts, 47 x 31 In.

Lifetime, No. 7242, 3 Drawers Over 2 Doors, Wood Squares, 55 In.

Lifetime, 3 Glass Doors, Shelves, Decal, 54 x 54 x 12 In.

Lawyers, Stacking, Oak, Beveled & Leaded Glass, 5 Sections, 68 x 34 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, 56 In.

Herter Bros., Walnut, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 2 Base Drawers, 66 x 57 In.

Georgian, 4 Glazed Doors With Rosettes, Fretter Drawers, 87 In.

Georgian Style, Mahogany, Glass Doors, Busts Of Diana, 104 In., Pair

George Ii, Walnut, Mirrored Door, Slant Front, 4 Drawers, 81 In.

George Ii, Mahogany, 6 Doors, Dentil Molded Cornice, 1800, 93 1/2 In.

G. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, Glass Panes ~illus

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 2 Oak Divided Panels, 58 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery, Tenon Sides, Label, 56 x 35 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, Label, 35 x 25 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, 56 1/2 x 48 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Paneled Doors, 90 x 60 In.

Cherry, Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves Over Short Drawers, C.1790, 62 1/2 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut, Gothic Glazed Bar On Paneled Doors, 72 In.

Arts & Crafts, Double Doors, Gallery Top, 3 Interior Shelves, 48 In.

Arts & Crafts, Chestnut, Oak, 2 Doors, Large & Small Panes, 55 x 42 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Doors, Copper Star Pulls, 55 In.

2 Glazed & Mullioned Doors, Late 19th Century, 53 1/2 x 40 5/16 In.

2 Glass Doors, Carved Oak Leaves, Acorns, Victorian, 73 x 37 1/2 In.

Walnut, Step Back, Cathedral Glass Panel Doors, 2 Drawers, 104 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors Over 2 Drawers, Mid-19th Century, 87 In.

Traveling, Regency, Oak, 2 Adjustable Shelves, Turned Legs, 47 3/4 In.

Stacking, 3 Sections, Early 20th Century, 34 1/2 x 14 x 48 In.

Rosewood, Step Back, Glazed Doors, 2-drawer Base, 98 3/4 In.

Rosewood, Ogee Cornice Over 2 Glass Doors, Scrolling, 1800s, 90 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved, Incised, 114 x 101 In. ~illus

Regency, Mahogany, Arched Crest, 2 Pairs Of Drawers, Bun Feet, 47 In.

Regency, 2 Astragal Doors, 2 Paneled Cupboard Doors, 1820, 79 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Molded Marble Top, 3 Drawers, 82 x 22 In.

Queen Anne, Oak, Double Dome, Fitted, Candleholders, 81 x 38 x 23 In.

Pine, Continental, 108 In.

Onondaga Shops, Chestnut, 5 Shelves, 48 x 36 In.

Oak, Stacking, Quartersawn, 3 Sections, Macey, 47 x 34 In.

Oak, Stacking, Leaded Glass Fronts, 4 Tiers, Weiss

Oak, Molded Top, 2 Tiers, Slatted Sides, Plinth Base, 26 In.

Oak, Egg-&-dart Molding, 3 Masks On Frieze, 45 1/2 In.

Oak, Carved Front & Side Pillars, 3 Glass Doors, Shoe Feet, 60 In.

Oak, 4 Shelves, 2 Glass Doors

Napoleon Iii, Mahogany, Marble Top, Drawer, Carved, 1870, 58 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Revolving, Fan Inlay, 2 Open Shelves, Slatted Ends, 30 3/4 In.

Mahogany, 3 Sections, Glass Doors, Mother-of-pearl Pulls

Louis Xvi, Kingwood, Veined Marble Top, Cabriole Legs, 34 In.

Lifetime, Door, Small Panels At Top, Adjustable Shelves, 28 x 55 In.

Lawyer’s, Stacking, 3 Sections, 46 1/2 x 34 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Cupboard Door, 50 x 22 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, 2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Handcraft Decal

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 39 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 345, Oak, 4 Shelves On Stiles, C.1910, 45 x 19 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Double Door, Onondaga Shops, 49 x 54 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 8 Panes, Gallery Top, Branded, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 3 Doors, 12 Panes, 73 x 12 x 55 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, Glass Mullioned Doors

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacking, 6 Sections, Leaded Door

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacking, 2 Units, 53 x 34 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Lawyer’s, 3 Stacks, Drawer Base, 52 1/2 In.

Glazed Upper Doors, Short Lower Drawers, Animal-paw Feet, C.1825

Georgian, Mahogany, Arched Cornice, 2 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 78 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 4 Cupboard Doors, 98 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Short Drawers, Ogee Bracket Feet, 1840, 95 In.

George Iii, Molded Dentil Cornice, 2 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 94 1/4 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Mullioned Doors, 94 3/4 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Arched Backboard, 2 Graduated Shelves, 59 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Adjustable Shelves, Molded Plinth Base, 84 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Lattice Glazed Doors, 85 x 73 x 17 In.

George Ii, Green Lacquer, Slant Front, 89 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 16 Pane Doors, Safecraft

G. Stickley, No. 718, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Iron Hardware, 47 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 703, Leaded Panels, 3 Windows, 58 x 14 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, Double Door, Red Decal, 56 x 60 In.

G. Stickley, Double Door, Gallery Top, 9 Panes, 44 3/4 In.

G. Stickley, Adjustable Shelves, 2 Doors, Red Decal, 56 x 48 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Mitered Mullioned Doors, 8 Panes, Gallery Top, 56 In.

G. Nelson, Primavera Birch, Door, Shelf, 30 x 52 x 12 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt-edged Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Glass Double Doors, 108 In.

Empire, 2 Glass Doors, Cathedral Muttons, 1drawer In Base, 83 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, Cathedral Door Panels, 4 Drawers, 83 1/2 In.

Elm, 2 Pierced Cupboard Doors, 2 Shelves, Pierced Apron, 78 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, Glass Door, Swan Top, 1910, 55 In., Pair

Eastlake, Walnut, 2 Drawers, Glass Doors, 64 x 53 In.

Corner, Heywood-wakefield Co., 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1950, 40 In.

Cherry, Revolving, Danner Company

Cherry, 2 Recessed Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves, Poplar Panels, 72 x 53 1/2 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut Veneer, Glass Door, Scroll Feet, 69 In.

Bamboo, Sea Grass, 2 Doors, Ebonized Trim, Anglo-indian, 1880, 34 In.

4 Shelves, Lower Drawer, E.e. Hale Company, 61 x 35 In.

Walnut, Carved Frieze Over 2 Glazed Doors, Blind Doors, 53 x 84 In.

Walnut, 2 Drawers, Adjustable Shelves, Crest, 60 1/2 In.

Urn Finial, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, Mirrored Back, 80 In.

Urn Finial, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, Mirrored Back Over Drawer, 80 In.

Sheraton, Mahogany, Astragal Doors, Bracket Feet, 89 x 46 x 20 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, 12-pane Door, Original Finish, 56 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Walnut, 2 Doors, 87 x 85 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Beveled-mirror Door, Bracket Feet, 68 In.

Queen Anne, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Mirrored Back, 44 x 80 In.

Ormolu Mounted, Ebonized, Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves, 83 1/4 In.

Oak, Swivel, Square, X-shaped Base, Casters, 60 1/2 In.

Oak, Stylized Floral Inlay, 1910, 65 1/2 x 67 In.

Oak, Stacked, 3 Horizontal Sections, Glass Panel Door, 47 3/8 In.

Oak, Single Astragal Glazed Door, Side Brass Handles, 25 In.

Oak, Open Front, Adjustable Shelves, 2 End-to-end Drawers, 60 x 60 In.

Oak, Crenellated Top, 2 Shallow Shelves, 1855, 48 x 58 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 2 Long Doors With Glass, 55 In.

Oak, 2 Drawers, Openwork Leaf Carving, 65 x 42 x 13 In.

Mission, Oak, Revolving, Open Storage, 4-prong Base, 69 x 26 In.

Mission, Oak, 2 Doors, 58 x 43 x 15 In.

Mission, 3 Sections, Leaded Glass Top, 19 Drawers ~illus

Mahogany, Wire-grill Front, Bronze Mounted, 48 x 58 3/4 In.

Mahogany, Tambour, Hinged Door, C.1790, 80 In.

Mahogany, Panels In Double Doors, 2 Lower Drawers, Korea, 44 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Open Shelf, Ogee Frieze Drawer, 60 x 35 x 14 In.

Mahogany, Figural Carving, 3 Open Shelves, 2 With Doors, 65 In.

Mahogany, 3 Shelves, 2 Glazed Doors, Dividers, Ball & Claw Feet

Mahogany, 2 Parts, 2 Doors, Leather-bound Books, Shelves, 1820s

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Doors, 2 Vertical Panes, Casters, Label, 59 x 48 In.

Limbert, 2 Doors, 3 Adjusting Shelves, Dark Brown Finish, 58 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Paine Furniture Co., 45 x 13 x 55 In.

Lawyer’s, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Glass Doors On Top, Ohio, 59 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 3 Doors, Red Decal, 1908, 55 1/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 641, 8-pane Door, Keyed Tenon Sides, 55 In.

Jean Prouve, Aluminum, Lacquered, Ash, 1952, 72 x 60 In. ~illus

Golden Oak, Paw Feet, Scrolled Apron, 1-pane Door, 58 1/2 In., Pair

Golden Oak, Acanthus Leaves On Columns, Glass Door, 4 Shelves, 53 In.

Golden Oak, 5 Levels Of Open Shelves, Plank Sides, C.1890, 61 In.

Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, Stacked, 4 Sections, 61 x 34 1/2 In.

Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, 3 Sections, Label, 35 x 11 x 50 In.

Globe-wernicke, Barrister, Step Back, Sliding Glass Doors

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 82 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, 16-pane Door, Keyed Tenon Sides, Decal, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Original Hardware, Decal, 56 1/4 In.

Ebonized, Silk, Brass Trellis, Victorian, 37 1/2 In., Pair

Duncan Phyfe Style, Eglomise Panes

Cushman, 4 Shelves Over 2 Doors, Pine Color, 79 1/2 In., Pair

Curly Maple, Walnut, Full Turned Pilasters, Beveled Glass Doors, 59 In.

Camden Cabinet Co., Oak, Stacked, 3 Sections, 44 1/2 In.

Cahoon, Brown & Yellow, 2 Hinged Doors, 1944, 67 x 42 In.

Biedermeier, Birch, Peaked Pediment, Dentil Molding, Glazed Doors

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 4 Shelves, Vertical Slat Sides, 39 In.

Art Nouveau, Walnut, Carved Thistle & Pinecone, 1900s, 74 x 86 In.

Walnut, 4 Doors, Burl Walnut Panels, Adjustable Shelves, 56 x 70 In.

Walnut, 3 Bottom Drawers, 4 Doors, Portrait Medallions, 54 x 96 In.

Victorian, Standing, Fluted Pilasters

Victorian, 2 Glass Doors, Base Drawer, 3 Shelves ~illus

Sheraton, Mahogany, Turned Legs, 1850

Satinwood, Brass Feet On Casters, Turned Legs, 15 In.

Rococo, Rosewood, Wavy Mold, 4 Shelves, 48 In.

Rococo, Mahogany, Bonnet Top, Leaf Carved Crest, 2-drawer Base

Revolving, 2 Tiers, Oak, Square, 32 x 12 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Plinth, 90 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Seaweed Marquetry, 93 In.

Oak, Victorian, 75 x 37 In.

Oak, Step Back, 6 Doors With Locks, 6 Drawers, 120 In.

Oak, Carved, Front Columns, Leather Fringe, 61 In.

Neoclassical, Black Faux Marble Top, 2 Drawers, Bun Feet, 51 In.

Mahogany, Tuned Side Supports, Lower Drawer, 5 Shelves, 48 In.

Mahogany, Glass Front Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 58 x 49 x 15 In.

Mahogany, Bowfront, 2 Shelves Behind Glass Doors, Paw Feet, 62 In.

Mahogany, 3 Glazed Doors, Carved Columns, Claw Feet, 55 x 72 In.

Mahogany, 2 Top Glazed Doors, Molded Cornice, 1845, 90 x 50 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, Columns, Claw Feet ~illus

Limbert, No. 602, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 52 x 34 In. ~illus

Limbert, No. 358, Double Door, 4 Glass Panes, 3 Shelves, 57 In.

Lawyer’s, Oak, 5 Glass Door Shelf Sections, C.1890, 74 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, 1905, 55 In.

Heywood-wakefield, Corner, Champagne Finish, 32 x 28 In.

Hepplewhite, Birch, 4 Dovetailed Drawers, Bracket Feet, 81 In.

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Panels, 1840-1850, 102 In.

Golden Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Glass Doors, 14 x 46 x 57 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, Breakfront, 4 Glazed Doors, 85 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Cornice, 19th Century, 90 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 69 x 48 x 20 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Peach Moire Interior, Bracket Feet, 89 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Long Drawers, Bracket Feet, 84 In.

George Iii, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Bracket Feet, 11 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, D Door, 8 Panes Per Door, V Pulls, 55 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Gallery Top, 16 Panes, 56 x 36 In.

G. Stickley, Door, 3 Leaded Panes, Over Vertical Panes, 58 In.

Federal, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Compartments, Drawers, C.1820, 54 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Gilt Metal, 3 Sections, 69 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 61 1/2 x 30 In.

Double Glazed Doors, Lower Drawers, Walnut, 1850s, 94 3/4 In.

Classical, Mahogany, Cornice, 2 Glazed Doors, 19th Century, 92 In.

Classical, Mahogany, 2 Glass Crossbanded Doors, 1890, 57 x 48 In.

Classical, Flame Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors Over 3 Wood Doors, 1825, 86 In.

Chippendale, Cherry, Glass Doors, Locks, C.1875

Cherry, 4 Paneled Doors, Dovetailed Cornice, 91 In.

Charles X, Ebonized, Glazed Doors, Plinth Base, 8 Ft. 3 In.

Brooks, Cutout Sides, Original Glass Panes, 2 Shelves, 53 x 18 In.

Bibliotheque, Louis Xv, Tulipwood, Cornice, Plinth Base, 72 x 51 In.

Barrister, Oak, Per Section

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, 1910, 57 x 72 x 14 In.

Walnut, Bust Of William Shakespeare On Top, 3 Sections

Shaw Walker, Hardwood, Stacked, 3 Sections, 49 1/2 In.

Ridenour, Oak, Two 12 Pane Doors, Iron Hardware, 56 1/4 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Refinished, 3 Sections, 1860

Regency, Rosewood, Gilt Rosettes, Reeded Columns, 44 1/2 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Double Library

Poplar, Skyscraper, Series Of Blocks Form Shelves, C.1930, 76 In.

Pine, Library, Center Shelves, Lower Paneled Drawers, 7 Ft., Pair.

Mission, Oak

Mahogany, Paned Doors, Slant Front, 4 Drawers, 81 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Open, Fluted Columns, 96 X 32 X 19 In

Mahogany, Carved Glazing Bars, Lower Cupboard, C.1835, 8 Ft.

Mahogany, Broken Pediment Top, Open Front, Shelves, 65 X 51 In.

Mahogany, 3 Shelf, Tapered Columns, Drawers, 67 X 35 X 17 In.

Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 2 Lower Drawers, Shaped Base, 67 In.

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Pane Doors, 6 Shelves, 57 X 48 X 14 In.

Limbert, No. 322, 3 Leaded Glass Doors, Gallery Back, 60 In.

Lifetime, No. 7219, Double Door, 4 Shelves, Gallery Top, 55 X 42 In.

Lifetime, Flush Top, 5 Adjustable Shelves, 54 X 12 X 28 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, 12 Panes Each, 60 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 642, Open, 4 Shelves, Chamfered Back, 55 X 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 4 Glass Sections Top Of 2 Doors, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 3 Panes At Top, 48 X 54 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 12-pane Door ~illus

L. & J.g. Stickley, 12-pane Doors, Red-brown, Gallery, 55 X 46 X 12 In.

Humphrey Whidman, Mahogany, Neoclassical, 4 Sections, 34 In.

Heywood-wakefield, Corner, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1950, 40 In.

Harvey Ellis Design, Oak, C.1904

Golden Oak, Leaded-glass Doors, 54 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacked, 4 Sections, 57 3/4 In.

Globe-wernicke, Quartersawn Oak, Stacked, 3 Sections, 51 In.

Globe-wernicke, Poplar, Birch, Stack, 3 Sections, Leaded Glass, 47 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacked, Drawer In Base, 6 Sections, 81 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, 4 Stacks, Glass-front Doors

Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, Lower Doors, Mahogany, 7 Ft.

G. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Copper Hardware, 1907

G. Stickley, No. 523, Oak, 2 Doors, 1912, 44 X 36 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, 16 Panes Of Glass, 1 Door, Copper Hardware, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 16 Pane Door, Gallery

G. Stickley, 12 Panes Each Of 2 Doors, Iron Pulls, 56 X 60 In.

G. Stickley, 12 Glass Panel Doors, Copper Pulls, 56 In.

French Provincial, Oak, Molded Cornice, Carved Plinth Base, 93 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Mass., Early 19th Century, 42 X 39 X 22 In.

Empire, Molded Cornice, 2 Gilt Columns, 2 Doors, 38 X 16 X 78 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Step Back, 8 Pane Glass Doors, Cornice, 91 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Cylinder, C.1850, 7 Ft. 11 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, Triple Door, 3 Bottom Drawers, 76 In.

Dwarf Pine, Glazed Door, Bracket Feet, Victorian, 72 X 60 X 18 In.

Crafters, Carved, 2 Glass Doors, 8 Shelves, 60 X 60 X 14 In.

Cherry, Step Back, New England, 19th Century, 86 X 36 In. ~illus

Cherry, Poplar, 1 Base Drawer, 2 Glass Doors, 40 X 13 X 76 In.

Burl Walnut, Crest, Glazed Door, Cylindrical, Victorian, 96 X 34 In.

Black, 2 12-mullioned Pane Doors, Gallery, 56 X 60 X 12 In.

Black Walnut, Stepped Cornice, Neo-gothic Arches, 6 Ft. X 9 In.

Alligatored Varnish Finish, Stack, 4 Sections, Cabriole Legs, 62 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Arched Doors, Plinth Base, 1835, 76 In.

Wanamaker’s, Walnut, Revolving, Square, 19th Century, 57 X 24 X 24 In.

Walnut, Step-up, Triple, Mirrored Back, 7 X 6 Ft.

Walnut, Glass Doors, Molded Base Doors, Phila., 1865, 107 X 54 In.

Wallace Nutting, Oak, Leaded Glass Top, 4 Shelves, 5 Ft. 2 In.

Satinwood, Open, Inlaid, Spade Feet, 36 X 66 In.

Roycroft, Architectural Form, Applied Columns

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Panes, 33rd Degree, No. 086, 40 X 15 X 55 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Mirror Doors, 82 In. ~illus

Quartersawn Oak, 3 Doors, Carved Columns, Victorian

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 5 Stack

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 4 Stack

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 3 Stack

Oak, 2 Stained Leaded Glass Doors

Oak, 2 Glazed Doors, Lower Paneled Cupboard Doors, 92 In.

Neoclassical, Mahogany, Canted Corners, Brass Mounts, Russia, 22 In.

Mission, Oak, C.1910, 54 X 39 X 13 In.

Mahogany, Peaked Pediment, Glazed Doors, Germany, 73 In.

Louis Philippe Style, Walnut, 4 Grillwork Doors, 94 X 84 In.

Limbert, Single Door, 6 Panes, 4 Shelves, Copper Pulls, No. 377

Limbert, Oak, Backsplash, Wicker Panels, No. 801-22, 60 In.

Limbert, Oak, 4 Shelves

Limbert, 8 Pane Doors, Copper Hardware, 8 Shelves, 1907, 60 In.

Lifetime, Oak, Medium Finish, No. 727, C.1910, 56 X 48 1/8 In.

Lifetime, 4 Shelves, 1 Door, Copper Pull, No. 7360, 31 X 58 In.

Lifetime, 1 Door Overlaid With 10 Small Sections, No. 7218, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Open, 4 Shelves, Keyed Tenons, No. 646, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 8 Panes, Double Doors, No. 643, 40 X 12 X 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, No. 645, Oak, 55 1/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Keyed-tenon, No. 641, 55 In.

Kingwood, Ebonized Fret, Lion Marquetry, 37 X 13 X 68 In.

Gustav Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, No. 716, C.1909, 56 X 43 12 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, Slab Sides, No. 542, 56 X 36 X 12 1/4 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, Decal & Label, No. 716, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes Each Door, Oak, C.1902, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes Each, No. 717, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Decal, 56 In.

George Nakashima, Headboard, 2 Sliding Doors, 54 In.

French Provincial, Oak, Carved Doors, Beveled Glass Panels, 71 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt Edged Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 1810, 67 X 48 In.

Empire Revival, Mahogany, 1 Door, Fluted Flanking Columns

Eastlake, Walnut, Burl Veneer, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 31 X 11 X 63 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Base Drawers, C.1880, 66 X 50 In.

Eastlake, Ebonized Finish, 3 Drawer Base, 42 1/2 X 50 In.

Cherrywood, String Inlay, 2 Doors, Gothic Panels, 73 X 53 In.

Biedermeier Style, Birch, Part Ebonized, Open Shelves, 57 In.

2 Doors, 5 Adjustable Shelves, Quartersawn Oak, 99 1/2 In.

William Iv, Veined Marble Top, 2 Open Shelves, Mahogany, 43 In.

Step Back, Burl Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Side-by-side Drawers

Roycroft, Oak, Tabard Inn Library, 4 Sides, 1910

Rococo Style, Carved, Pineapple Finial, England

Revolving, Walnut, Victorian

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Columns, Plinth, 96 X 50 In.

Quartersawn Oak, 5 Lions Faces, Glass Door & Pulls

Mission, Oak, 3-paneled Glass Door, Small

Mission, Oak, 2 Glass Doors

Louis Philippe, 1 Glazed Door, Mirrored Back, Fruitwood, 66 In.

Lifetime, 2 Shelves, Overhanging Gallery, 52 X 39 X 11 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, No. 645, C.1910, 55 X 52 In.

Hepplewhite, 4 Dovetailed Drawers, Walnut, Country, 84 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes

Gustav Stickley, 16 Panes, No. 715, Paper Label, 56 X 35 In.

Gothic, 2 Doors, Carved Heads At Corners, Mahogany, 60 In.

George Iii Style, Mullion Doors, Chinoiserie, Japanned, 79 In.

Empire, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 19th Century, 57 X 48 In.

Empire, Floral Carved Cornice Over Shelves, Oak, 89 X 52 In.

Empire, Brass Mounted Feet, Bleached Mahogany, 1820s, 70 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 3 Sections, 1870-1880, 132 In.

Danner, Revolving, Oak, Bucyrus, Ohio

Cylinder Top, Aqua Colored Glass Panels, Adjustable Shelves

Chippendale, Carved Mahogany, 2 Parts, Glazed Doors, C.1780, 98 In.

Chippendale, 3 Lower Drawers, Cherry, C.1800, 86 X 72 X 19 In.

Carved Mahogany, Victorian, 19th Century, 56 X 60 X 18 In.

Art Deco, Stepped Case, Walnut, 64 In., Pair

4 Tiers, Magazine Rack, Black Wood, China, 64 3/4 In.

4 Drawers, 2 Doors Of 8 Panes, Walnut

3 Doors, Carved Pediment Top, Walnut, 110 In.

2 Leaded Glass Doors, Walnut, Carved Winged Griffins, Paw Footed

2 Glass Doors Over 2 Drawers, Walnut, Burl, Carved Pediment

2 Drawers, Block Feet, Cherry, France, 30 1/2 X 78 In.