Posts Tagged ‘middle ages’

Earlobes, necks, wrists and fingers are among the chief parts of the human anatomy which lend themselves to applied decoration. As with so many innovations in the field of jewellery, the practice of piercing the fleshy protuberances of the ears for the attachment of ornaments symbolic of race, tribe and status seems to have originated in Western Asia. A sculptured slab from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II (8 83-8 59 BC) in the British Museum depicts the king in profile wearing a long earring with an acorn-shaped terminal. At various stages of history men, women and children have been subjected to the ordeal of ear-piercing, though the male fashion for earrings has been mysteriously intermittent and sometimes a national rather than a cultural phenomenon.
English courtiers adorned themselves with single pearl drop earrings in the late 16th and early 17th centuries but some hundred and fifty years later, when similar ornaments were worn by French officers, the vogue aroused astonishment and hilarity in England. Thomas Rowlandson capitalized on the reaction in 1786 with a cartoon showing French officers in various stages of donning their uniforms-, they all sport earrings. Eleven years later the diarist Mrs Lybbe-Powys was struck by the sight of a French emigre officer in Bath ‘with large gold earrings’. But for all the British distaste, the custom had become general in France and Italy, from the highest to the lowest. Napoleon himself did not wear them, but his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, whom he made King of Naples in 1808, undoubtedly did. In the mid-197os, when the fashion recurred, young Englishmen were among the most enthusiastic proponents of the emblematic use of a single earring.
There is no evidence of the methods employed to pierce ears in prehistoric times but references in more recent centuries establish that the well-to-do employed the services of professional jewellers when the girls in the family were considered old enough to wear earrings. The experience for the victims was usually made palatable by the prospect of possessing a pair of ornaments of their very own. But even that prize was sometimes insufficient. The august presence of a royal jeweller, Dutens, summoned by Mrs Delany to attend her niece Mary Dewes in 1756, failed to persuade the young girl to submit to the operation. She held out for two months before succumbing. Girls of less affluent families were subjected to amateur attention with the aid of a needle, which pierced the ear while the lobe was supported by a piece of wood or other solid material. A cork was popular in the 19th century and later.
Children were dressed as miniature adults until the late 19th century and the ornaments worn by girls reflected contemporary fashions. There are comparatively few breaks in the history of female earrings charted by the authors, the longest being the Middle Ages, when the fashion for swathed heads concealed not only the hair but the ears as well. In the late 16th century women showed a renewed interest in ear ornaments, especially in the pearl drops which predominated for the next century and a half and survived thereafter. They were far more comfortable to wear than the girandole earrings which rivalled the drop type from the late 17th century. Usually comprising a top, an intermediate device such as a bow and three (or more) drops, these articles were so heavy that a secondary loop was often attached to the hook which passed through the ear and a ribbon threaded to the hook to be secured to the hair, taking some of the weight off the ears. This device helped, but many women reduced the period of discomfort by carrying their earrings in their pockets to parties and balls and assuming the ornaments on arrival, padding the backs of the lobes with small pieces of silk.
Fashionable women inevitably suffered permanent distension of the earlobes, which were dragged down by the weight of the girandoles. This fate did not prevent their descendants from participating in another fashion for huge earrings in the late 182os and 183os and suffering the same consequences. One of the most enthusiastic young adherents of the vogue was the future Queen Victoria, who often wore her grandmother Queen Charlotte’s girandole earrings of 1761. Photographs of Queen Victoria in old age, when she sometimes took to simple single-stone or pearl earrings, show them lodged on elongated earlobes. Fortunately the huge variety of new types and fittings means that no one now has to wear one kind of earring for a prolonged period.
The earliest archaeological evidence for earrings dates from the 3rd millennium Bc, but it seems likely that men
and women will have adorned their ears with, for example, shells and polished peb-
bles for centuries before that.
The idea of piercing the earlobe to insert a metallic ornament originated in the Orient. From the start earrings can be divided into two types: the simple rigid hoop in its numerous variations, and the more elaborate articulated pendant. In Antiquity, they were amongst the most popular means of personal ornament.
Around 2500 BC Sumerian women were adorning their ears with gold earrings in the form of single or double crescents, as revealed by findings in the royal graves of Ur in what is now Iraq. The crescent form, comprising two thin sheets of gold soldered together with a hollowed centre, was a simple yet successful design which was to spread towards the West and remains to this day a favourite shape of earring. More elaborate Babylonian examples of the early 2nd millennium Bc, also from Ur, show how the simple crescent motif could be embellished with embossed decoration, the details picked out with filigree and granulation.
Minoan and Mycenean
Early examples of earrings with a tapered hoop design, in a way a thinner version of the crescent- or boat-shaped earring, have been found in graves in Anatolia and Greece. Hooped earrings of gold, silver and bronze, tapered at the ends, have also been excavated in Crete and date from the Middle Minoan period (2000— 1600 BC).
It is not until the second half of the 2nd millennium BC that we find variations and elaborations of the crescent or hoop type; during the Late Minoan and Early Mycenean period (i 600— i 100 Bc) earrings in the form of scalloped or tapered hoops were common in Mycaene, while in Crete during the same period the most widespread form of earring consisted of a tapered hoop decorated with a conical pendant representing a clear progression from the earlier simple hoop.
The tapered hoop supporting a conical pendant was also popular in Cyprus, where several examples come from 13th and 12th century BC graves in Enkomi. Judging from the number of extant examples, this type had a long life; a less elaborate version consisting of a tapered hoop supporting a smaller bead cluster is well testified both in Crete and in Cyprus; it may have been cast in one piece, as a steatite mould of this shape has been found in Crete. This type continued in Cyprus throughout the Dark Ages, reappearing amongst Greek designs of the 7th century BC.
By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the hoop earring, tapering to a different degree at each end, was widely dispersed in the Aegean world, Western Asia, Cyprus and Syria, as revealed by many excavations.
In Cyprus, from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, and particularly during the third quarter, earrings were very popular and may have had some supernatural significance, since contemporary painted terracotta idols in the form of stylized nude females, probably fertility symbols, have their earlobes pierced two or three times and large terracotta hoops suspended from them.
The simple, tapered hoop was worn there from about 1400 BC, where it arrived possibly from Crete but more likely from Syria; it continued in Cyprus for a long time, surviving throughout the Dark Ages, and was reintroduced from there into Greece around the 7th century BC.
A variation of this type, of either Cypriot or Syrian invention, consists of a hoop of twisted or plaited gold wire. Also to be found is the ‘leech’ earring, a sort of elongated tapered hoop, the lower part expanded into a fat crescent motif. Hoops supporting clusters of beads or elongated conical pendants decorated with granulation were, as we have already seen, as popular in Crete as they were in Cyprus. A typical Cypriot earring of the 13th century BC was a hoop supporting a bull’s head pendant stamped out of thin sheet gold. Although the shape of the pendant is a common Mycenean motif, no contemporary examples have been found on the Greek mainland.
When, in about 1 100 BC, the Mycenean world succumbed to the Achaean invasion, which was followed by the three centuries of poverty and near-barbarism known as the Dark Ages, the arts declined and jewellery in precious metal became rare. It is likely that the main sources of gold at the time were the tombs of earlier periods. Among the limited number of gold ornaments such as finger-rings, bracelets, pins and fibulae, there survived a small number of spirals, the purpose of which is still not certain, but which may have been earrings or hair-ornaments.
The brilliant civilization of Cyprus was destroyed at the same time, but traditions lived on and the Achaeans left intact the long-established Mycenean techniques. Goldsmiths worked throughout the Dark Ages preserving and perpetuating forms and designs that were to be reintroduced into Greece around the 7th century BC.

TUDOR GOTHIC PERIOD
S0 few examples of English domestic furniture dating from a period earlier than the accession of Henry VIII exist, that for the purpose of this book there is little purpose served in going back earlier than the end of the fifteenth century, except to see how what had gone before influenced the woodwork that was to come. The longer the period that elapses, the greater the chances of destruction and decay, and the troublous times through which this country went in the Middle Ages certainly enabled destruction to carry out its work of waste. An army marching through an enemy country would spare little that came its way, and even in peaceful times the outbreak of fire must have been an ever-present source of danger. Domestic houses were invariably built of timber, and, as the fire on the open hearth was never or seldom allowed to go out, being just fanned to a flame every morning, the chances of the building catching fire must have been high.
Apart from this, however, furniture was a rare commodity in those days. Even in the larger houses the hall would contain little more than a large table, a chair for the owner of the house, forms and stools for the rest of the household, a cupboard of some sort, and a chest. In the chief sleeping room there would be a bed, a chest to hold clothes, and possibly a cupboard or press. The sleeping rooms for the less important people might contain little more than a mattress or even just a couch of rushes. Smaller houses were furnished on a correspondingly smaller scale, so that it becomes clear that the chances of survival were extremely small.
The closing years of the fifteenth century mark the beginning of a change in conditions. The accession of Henry VII had brought to an end the long period of strife known as the Wars of the Roses, and with the feeling of comparative security men began to find time to turn their attention to their houses. There could have been but little encouragement for a man to beautify his house when he knew that it might be burnt over his head either by the first party of soldiers that came marching through, or by a band of insurgents such as that headed by Jack Cade. His first thought would have been to fortify it against attack. It was not until warfare came to an end that he felt justified in making, or was able to make, himself more comfortable. Not that the change came quickly. The wars had bled the country of its manhood so that many a man who might have spent his life peaceably in making useful things was pressed into the service of his local lord to fight on whichever side happened to be in favour locally.
Coming of the Renaissance.—Nevertheless the coming of peace did encourage the development of the home as distinct from the fortified house, and, what was equally important, it set the stage, as it were, for that remarkable influence, the Renaissance, which was to sweep across the country during the sixteenth century. It is an extraordinary thing that men can be carried off their feet, so to speak, by an intangible thing like this Renaissance. It is hard to find a name by which to call it. It was just a great influence which was to leave its mark on all the arts and crafts, and alter even the very lives of men.
To understand it fully one must realise that hitherto the crafts had been dominated entirely by the Gothic. Men knew no other style. In architecture it had developed from the Norman at the end of the twelfth century, and had become almost a creed, the absolutism of which it were heresy to doubt. It was in fact closely bound up with the church, which had been the seat of learning and the consequent fountain-head of ideas and knowledge ever since the coming of the Normans. Every monastery had its group of stonemasons, carpenters, carvers, and so on.
The carpenters engaged on secular work had only one source from which to draw their ideas, the church, and a man called upon to make, say, a chest simply copied whatever detail he might find in a building, often with the most delightful disregard for its true meaning. Thus one often finds details used in woodwork which belong entirely to the technique of stone masonry.
The point we wish to make clear is that until the coming Tudor Gothic Period
of the Renaissance all the woodwork was entirely Gothic in detail, form, and construction and as a consequence, when new ideas began to filter through, men did not know quite what to make of them, and they became little more than a grafting of Renaissance detail to a groundwork of Gothic.
This will become more obvious when we come to examine individual pieces.
It was a condition that was aggravated by the fact that the early workers did not understand the spirit of the Renaissance. They regarded the details as just so many motifs to be used in any convenient way that suggested itself, and the result was often a curious mixture. It must be remembered that the Renaissance was a thing that filtered through from abroad. It was entirely new. It was not like the Gothic,which was a natural development on lines which were built up on experience. It will be recognised by the use of the
Roman orders of architecture (often wrongly applied), the intricately interwoven strapwork, carved egg and tongue mouldings, and all the many other details that had belonged to Rome in its glory.

OLD CHEST IN CHURCH AT HARBLEDOWN.
Probably 13th century.
The lid is hollowed out of a solid baulk of timber, the curve approximating to that of the tree trunk from which it was cut.
CHEST WITH PIN-HINGED LID.
Probably 15th century.
Although probably made In the fifteenth century, the construction
is typical of an earlier period. All the wood is cleft and finished
with the adze.

FIG. 4. PLANKED CHEST WITH CARVED FRONT
Early 16th century.
This exemplifies the early simple construction in which the front and
back are merely nailed to the sides. The carving is purely Gothic in
character.
FIG. 5. FRAMED-UP CHEST WITH LINENFOLD PANELS.
Early 16th century.
Here the panels are held in the grooves of a framework and are so free to
shrink without danger of their splitting. Compare with chest above.

Glass is distinguished from other materials by its transparency.
People like glass because of its shine and the way drinker.
glass refracts the light that passes through it. Glass is also extremely practical. It does not allow liquids to permeate it and is a poor conductor of heat. On the other side of course is glass’s only disadvantage — its fragility. Glass today is something modern humankind takes for granted. There is an involved process before glass objects reach the consumer.
Glass is formed by heating various metal oxides and quartz. In addition to the raw materials of glass (quartz and borax), there are also alkaline substances (potassium or sodium oxide). These make the silicates indissoluble.
The right composition of substances for glass is the result of centuries of experience. Glass was probably first made about 4,000 years ago — perhaps discovered in ancient Egypt by chance.
The production of glass was then a relatively straightforward process. The glass-makers first smelted glass in earthenware vessels over an open fire. The glowing pieces of glass adhered together and were then plunged into cold water where they splintered.
These shards of glass-like material were known as frit. The frit was then ground between millstones under powdered when it was smelted once more to achieve the desired result.
This principle was in use until some time after 1500. Old illustrations often show two glass furnaces: one is for the initial smelting of the raw materials and the second for melting the powdered frit.
The production of glass was changed in the eighteenth century in Britain. Coal replaced wood for the glass furnace but this turned the glass yellow from the sulphur dioxide that is released. This meant that glass had to be smelted in a sealed kiln.
This also made it more difficult to keep an eye on the smelting process. A solution was found by producing softer glass mixtures.
Means of decoration
Glass can be decorated in a number of ways. The most direct method is to apply layers of other glass or to mark the surface during the glassblowing process while the glass is soft. Such results depend on the skill and artistry of the glassblower. Glass has been blown since early times and had reached a state of high art in Roman times.
There are various waysin which glass can be decorated during blowing. One way is to add small pieces of glass or `prunts’. Another way is to spin the glass of the same or contrasting colour so that it forms a spiral on the glass surface. Many of the varying techniques are based upon centuries old traditions.
An entirely different way of decorating glass is to enamel or paint it.
This technique does not rely on the artistry of the glassblower. This is done with either ‘cold’ or fired enamel. Glass can also be gilded with precious metals such as silver or gold. Further ways of decorating glass are by cutting or engraving it. Glass is engraved with a diamond which ‘draws’ a design on its surface and it can also be stippled (a Dutch invention) with either a diamond or softer stylus.
Different effects can be created by making either open or dense stipple marks.
Glass has been cut since early times but etching was discovered by the Swede Sheele who notice that the acidic gases of hydrogen fluoride ate in to glass. Glass can also be ‘etched’ by sand-blasting. Encapsulation is done by placing objects in glass while it is still soft that then become fixed in the solid glass. This method was especially popular in Europe between 1800 and 1850.
Glass production from east to west
The production of glass spread to other countries from Egypt around 1000 BC. The techniques were extensively improved between the sixth and second centuries before Christ.
A very important discovery was made at Sidon in Syria in the first century before Christ – the glassblower’s ‘blowing iron’.
This enabled objects to be made of thin glass. It was a technique that spread throughout the Roman empire to Italy and Spain to the west but also to Gaul (France), Britain, and Germany in the north. The major glassblowing centres were established along the Rhine and in Gaul (France).
Production in the east
In common with many other techniques, glass-making was also largely forgotten following the fall of the Roman empire but this was not true in the east. The most important glass-producing region was Byzantium where new techniques were also developed that can be seen in cut and engraved goblets, bottles, ewers, and mosaics of the era.
Arabs were extremely fond of glass embellished with gilt or enamel and major Arab glass centres were Damascus and Aleppo in Syria.
Very fine coloured glass goblets, bottles, ewers, lamps, and dishes were made in these towns between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. These were often decorated with bright painting.
Persian glass-making took over the leading position in the fifteenth century and Persian glass even influenced Spanish glass. Surviving Persian glass from this era consists mainly of bottles of green or blue glass.
Medieval European glass
Glass production in the former western Roman empire after its fall only survived in Gaul (France), Germany, Flanders, and Britain.
In the early Middle Ages the preference was for decoration with grooves, flattening, and decoration with ‘threads’
of glass. Several new types of object appeared such as `trunked’ and ’studded’ beakers. Otherwise just simple medicine bottles were made from green glass that was far from perfect.
Glass production even went into decline in the ninth century and many in Christian countries regarded glass as a heathen product. After all the heathens used bottles for their ‘pagan’ burials. Pope Leo IV even banned the liturgical use of glass. Not everyone was of the same opinion.
Bishop Isidorus of Seville in Spain wrote a treatise about glass based on Naturalis Historiae, written by the Roman Plinius. The monk Theophilus wrote an extremely important work about glass —probably during the late tenth or early eleventh century, somewhere along the Rhine.
In a piece about the art of glass he described the constituents of Roman and Asian glass, wrote down many legends, and described the process of glassblowing in great detail.
Venice
Sometime around the birth of Christ, glass was produced in northern Italy. The technique was maintained by cloistered orders and spread from these during the Middle Ages throughout Europe. It was in this region that the one of the most famous glass-making centres was established.
Benedictine monks in Venice specialised in making bottles by the year 1000. Following the conquest and pillage of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204, many Byzantine glassblowers sought to escape to the powerful trading city of Venice.
They strengthened Venetian glass-making with techniques such as glass mosaics. The first thin and hollow glass-ware and first glass jewellery were made in Venice in about 1250. Soon afterwards the production of glass became a monopoly of the Venetian state. The glassblowing works though were forced to move outside the city. With their extensive use of fire they threatened the safety of the city and hence were moved to the island of Murano.
The first reports of exports of glass from Venice are also recorded around 1250. They also made optical glass for spectacles and window glass.
A great deal of glass incorporating soda from burnt seaweed was made in the fourteenth century. The Venetians also began to make latticinio glass with thin white threads around 1400. The Venetians were also known to make golden coloured glass by chemical means and other colours too with copper and cobalt.
They also decorated their glass by `burning’ colours into it. This is very characteristic of fifteenth century Venetian glass. In the sixteenth century the Venetians mainly decorated their glass with patterns of opaque white threads. Vegetal and abstract designs were also created on the thin-walled soda glass.
In addition to clear cristallo glass, Venice also made opaque white lattimo glass that was translucent but not transparent, millefiori containing tiny rods of coloured glass, and frosted glass with a cracked surface. The glassblowers also produced all manner of decorative forms with glass. The chemical composition of Venetian glass was a secret with severe penalties for anyone who revealed the procedures to make it. Despite this, many Venetian glassblowers left for other parts in the early sixteenth century and became involved abroad in the production of imitations of Venetian glass. Excellent copies of glass d la facon de Venice were made in Spain, France, and the Low Countries. These are so good that it is very difficult to determine whether a piece is made in Venice or elsewhere. The main differentiation is that the metal (body of the glass) of the imitations is not so clear, fine, and thin as that produced on the Venetian island of Murano.
Developments elsewhere in Europe
In Bohemia and Germany they also tried to join in Venice’s success. The glass works there only flourished after the Middle Ages. Many attempts were made in France employing Italian immigrants to make totally transparent and clear glass. Dutch glass makers began to make diamond engraved fluted glasses in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and it was the Low Countries too that made glasses with a characteristic ‘winged foot’. It was also quite common for glass made in one place to be decorated elsewhere.
BOHEMIAN AND GERMAN FOREST GLASS
The extensive forests of Bavaria were home to many glass works. The production area lay within an area bordered by the Thuringia and Bavarian forests, and the Alps and Fichtel mountains. Because of iron and potash in the raw materials the glass produced was mainly green.
New types of glassware were created that were primarily functional with the main output being glass beakers but ink pots and alchemists’ and apothecaries’ jars were also made.
This was often decorated with prunts and molten threads of glass. Glass was also decorated with bizarre relief forms. All these products were small icrean size in the fourteenth and fifteenth century. Larger pieces were noss bt made until the sixteenth century.
The most widespread of these are so maigelein: shallow beakers of blown gas
A 17th century Dutch green Romer glass. This type first appeared in the 15th century.
of which the bottom is pressed inwards. There were also much larger Pasglas measured glasses, beakers in the form of cabbage stalk, beakers with finger grips, and vertically ribbed cylindrical beakers. The classical slim and tall beakers of Bohemian glass were made in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Their small stems are externally decorated with prunts of molten glass. The Romer glass was first made in the fifteenth century. These wine glasses were extraordinarily popular in the Rhineland. A bellied glass, shaped like an onion with a curved neck consisting of several plaited tubes of glass also appeared in Bohemia in the late Middle Ages.
ENAMELLING
Every glass works outside Italy strived to improve on Italian glass with their local products but the shape of their glassware is clearly different from that of Renaissance Italy. This is because of different local drinking customs. Wine was drunk in Italy but north of the Alps people mainly drank beer. This caused different demands of glasses. The Humpen beer glasses were made from the middle of the sixteenth century.
At first these were conical in form but later only cylindrical Humpen were made. This latter type had a low sole and sometimes also had a hinged lid. The style of painting was intended to give the impression of an Italian product and this also helped to mask the imperfections in the glass.
Enamelling was commonplace on sixteenth century central European glass. The best period for this form of decoration was reached in the earlier seventeenth century. The quality of glass was then improved through the addition of chemicals.
Another category of glassware was the beakers that bore the owner’s crest of arms.
These were also monogrammed and dated. Others, known as ’state eagle’ Humpen were decorated with the German state arms. Quite separate from these glasses though were the Fichtel mountain ox-head glasses that were painted with pictures of the wooded hills from which the Eger, Main, Naa, and Saale rivers rise. Old and New Testament references, fables, and allegories were also common painted decorations in both the Renaissance and Baroque eras.
Although enamelled glass originally came from Venice it gradually became the speciality of central Europe. This method of decoration was used for more than 250 years.
Spun stem Dutch glass. Spinning a thread of glass of the same or contrasting colour around a glass core is one method of decoration.
Enamel became less expensive in the later seventeenth century so that ‘ordinary’ citizens were able to buy it. Finally it became a product for the masses and when applied to milchglass became a cheap alternative to porcelain.
Finding out the origins of a piece is no easy matter. There are countless different types with regional and local characteristics but these became less pronounced as glassblowers moved to work at different places.
PAINTED TRANSPARENT GLASS
A new manner of decorating hollow glass objects was introduced in the later eighteenth century using transparent enamels instead of opaque ones. The porcelain artist Samuel Mohn of Dresden was the first to use this technique.
His ‘friendship’ glasses are painted with portraits, landscapes, allegories, and verses. He customarily signed his work with Mohn fecit. His son, Gottlob Mohn, established himself in Vienna in 1811 and signed himself G. Mohn in Wien. His first work was the painting of town views.
The Viennese porcelain and glass artist Hothgasser took up this popular subject, working mainly on bell-shaped glasses on long branched stems. He mainly signed his work with his monogram between the ‘teeth’ of the branched stem.
Sometimes though he used his full signature on his glasses. These were given as a present or friendship’s token, or served as souvenir. Kothgasser’s glasses with playing cards were very popular around 1875. Kothgasser’s work was in great demand and hence widely copied but reproductions are easily spotted by the naive compositions and lack of technique.
BOHEMIAN ENGRAVED GLASS
The process of engraving was already known during Roman times but the ancient technique was re-invigorated during the sixteenth century in southern German with fresh demand for this style of decoration. This arose because of exports of engraved crystal from Milan. The so-called ‘mountain’ crystal was rare and hence expensive. This led to people in southern Germany deciding to apply the decorative technique used with crystal on glass. Lehmann One of the most famous engravers is
Kasper Lehmann, engraver to the court at Prague. Until recently he was even deemed to have been the ‘inventor’ or glass engraving.
Engraved ginger glass, circa 1700. Although known since Roman times, it was not re-introduced until the 16th century, in southern Germany. Engraved glass became very popular in the north of the Low
Countries.
He established himself in Prague around 1600 and in 1609 he gained a monopoly from the king for the engraving of glass. Lehmann had a number of students, including Georg Schwanhardt, the most important of them, who returned to his home town of Nuremberg following Lehmann’s death. There were many engravers working in this town but each had his own area of speciality.
Schwanhardt mainly worked with Venetian-type goblets, although Venetian glass itself is not suitable for engraving because it is too fragile. Glass with lime added was used for engraving. This sparkling glass was clear and pure with strong refractory properties. It became known as Bohemian crystal.
Bohemian ‘crystal’ was discovered between 1670 and 1680 more or less simultaneously in three glashutten in southern and northern Bohemia. Knowledge of the process spread quickly throughout Bohemia.
Painting with enamel was depressed here by engraved Bohemian ‘crystal’. The first decorations were copies of motifs used in Venice. Because of the high quality of the new material it quickly became a formidable competitor for Venetian glass. Traders not only succeeded in selling Bohemian glass throughout Europe, it was also shipped to other parts of the world.
When the engraving switched to the Baroque style Bohemian glass was even more successful.
SILESIAN ENGRAVED GLASS
The successful formula of Bohemian glass works was also followed in Silesia. The works of Count Schaffgotsch were very important to this region. The glashut in Hermesdorf in particular produced some fine pieces. This was due to the engraver Friedrich Winter who engraved a series of friendship goblets and beakers there after 1690.
The engraved glass from the works at Lobkowitz in Wiesau and Warmbrunn were also of exceptionally high quality. Silesian glass is characterised by the narrowing at the bottom of the drinking vessel. Although Bohemian glass itself was of higher quality, the exceptional Silesian engraving was better than that of Bohemia.
Glass production was advanced following Prussia’s capture of Silesia from Austria in 1742. Glass production in Silesia and Bohemia began to become less significant in the mid eighteenth century due to a number of factors. These included a smaller market through European wars that had caused economic collapse and also a reduction in the size of the market through the development of porcelain and lead crystal. Superb glass goblets made way for simple beakers. Both form and decoration were simplified and more suited to the new circumstances.
The Bohemian glass industry searched for a way to emerge from the crisis.
One of their developments was milchglas that was supposed to compete with the rapidly growing market for porcelain. Entire sets of tableware and drinking services were produced from 1760 to the mid nineteenth century by works at Harrachov in Bohemia.
The opaque ‘milk glass’ was much cheaper than porcelain but could emulate it in both form an enamelled decoration.
GERMAN DEVELOPMENTS
The discovery of the addition of lime to forest or potash glass in Bohemia was also important for the German glashutten.
This was especially true of those works of the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg which bordered Bohemia. Silesian experience in both glass making and engraving was utilised at Brandenburg works at Potsdam, Berlin, and later also at Zechlin. Potsdam attracted Martin Winter, brother of the highly regarded Helmdorf engraver.
The glass specialist and alchemist Johann Kunckel was given the task of researching the best composition for glass. He is credited with discovery of Zwischengoldglas or ‘gold-ruby’ glass. Other gifted engravers also worked for Brandeburg glass makers in addition to Winter.
Glass from this time is solid and heavy. The foot or stem, drinking vessel, and lid were decorated with leaf motifs. Pieces were lighter after 1720 under the influence of the engraver Elias Rosbach. Zechlin glass though (which had gilt medallions melted into its surface) remained fairly robust.
Knowledge of how to produce Bohemian glass spread via Nuremberg northwards. Important centres were established at Brunswick and Hesse, while the glashutten of Thuringia were also important parts of the German glass industry. Just as with porcelain, the electors of Saxony also initiated establishment of glassworks in their domain.
The Saxon works copied Bohemia so precisely that their glassware closely resembles Bohemian glass. Saxon glass though uses slightly different forms, such as horizontal, diagonal, and faceted rims on the stem and underbelly of the bowl. There is a difference too in the gilded relief and gilded engraving
‘RUBY GOLD’ GLASS
In addition to engraved glass, Bohemian glass works also produced ‘ruby gold’ glass or Zwischengoldglas during the prime era for Baroque style. This type of glass had been known in Roman times but forgotten. Following its rediscovery by Johann Kunckel in Brandenburg, Bohemian glass makers also started to make it. The same type of decoration was employed as was used for Bohemian `crystal’.
This consisted of engraving, silver gilt or gilt leaf motifs placed between two layers of glass. Only a few pieces were double layered at that time.
English lead crystal and Dutch glass
Around 1750, glass that was stabilised with lead became important in Europe. The heavy lead ‘crystal’ was well adapted to practically-shaped pieces following
Painted glass box, circa 1850. This type of movingly painted glass boxes were made in Friesland in the Low Countries Classical lines. Lead crystal has unique properties.
It is absolutely clear and is decorated in an entirely different way. By use of a diamond cutting disc a large number of facets can be created that cause light refraction — acting as a series of prisms. Dutch glass was extensively engraved with diamond cutters and lead crystal became extremely popular there. After 1750, some exceptional Dutch pieces were made by stippling the glass with a diamond.
The solid goblets used for this purpose were partly imported from Britain.
Nineteenth century glass
Bohemian crystal found a strong competitor with English lead crystal cut glass. This was because the lead crystal was ideally suited to the forms of the fashion for Classicism. The Bohemian glass makers reacted by adopting the English cut-glass technique but Bohemian glass was not suitable for cutting. The consequences were therefore limited and the technique was restricted so that cutting remained solely an extension to engraving. The subjects for engraving were determined by the current fashion and this can be seen by the motifs used.
Count Georg Buquoy of Neugrdtzen in southern Bohemia became very taken with Wedgwood’s ‘Egyptian Black’. In common with Friedrich Egermann in Haida, Neugrdtzen began making black Hyalith glass that was mainly decorated in a golden chinoiserie style.
The wares included carafes, coffee services, dishes, and vases. Egermann created Lithyalin, a different form of opaque glass that resembled jasper and agate. Like these stones it could be facet cut. Egermann’s glass works also used a golden yellow glass paint that he invented. This was used on goblets and beakers from 1820. Egermann’s greatest achievement though was his contribution to the enriching of glass.
With the help of copper he was able to create cheap imitations of expensive
golden-coloured ruby glass. Glass makers sought an ever greater range of colours and forms for their wares. On the one hand they attempted to improve the process of applying coloured glass to a clear glass base while on the other they sought to develop new methods.
This led to a new technique in which several layers of coloured glass were applied to a base. It was a process that had originated in China. By cutting away parts of the different coloured layers, all manner of colour effects could be created. The use of several layers of milchglas was particularly popular. With this, when a pattern had been cut out it was further decorated with enamel.
Bohemian glass companies exported lots of this type of ware in the 1850’s. Around 1820 the Bohemian glassworks also made glass that was smelted with embedded plaster or porcelain with portraits of famous persons. From 1830 onwards the glass market changed radically because of the major changes in how glass was made. Until that time each piece was individually crafted by a glassblower. During the nineteenth century factories began to press mould glass. This process made it possible to mass produce glass making.
The artistic level of the output dropped of course but commercial considerations were generally more important than aesthetic ones. Very few managed to avoid this trend. One who did was the Viennese artist Ludwig Lobmeyr, who owned a quality glass making works in Steinsch6nau. He was one of a group of artists who opposed the levelling down and increasing lack of taste of the mass produced wares.
This group studied ancient and exotic forms of glass and this led to their works making new types of glassware with simple and functional shapes. Before this trend gained wider acceptance though it was consumed in an even more radical movement that swept Europe under the Art Nouveau and Jugendstil names. The artists A. Daum and E. GaI16 gave glass-making back its individual power of expression and returned to the old traditions. In the United States Louis Comfort Tiffany was inspired by oriental and classical glass. His work was widely admired and echoed in Europe.
One glass works that copied his lead was the Liitz works at Klostermiihle in Bohemia.
Glass and jewellery
Glass paste and beads were used for jewellery back in the age of the ancient Egyptians. Alexandria supplied the then known world with glass beads during the
ancient Greek civilisation and during the Roman empire. The strings of beads made with them were of different colours. The glass was decorated with wavy melted threads of lighter-coloured glass. The production of beads spread through Constantinople and the other towns of the Roman empire to Europe.
Venice was an important production centre for glass beads in the eleventh century. Imitation gem stones had been made in Bohemia as early as the fourteenth century. In the eighteenth century
Louis XIV style mirror of the 19th century.
They also started to make glass beads. Production of glass beads had started in the German Nuremberg in the sixteenth century followed by the Fichtel mountains area of Bavaria in the seventeenth century, and soon afterwards by Potsdam and Thuringia.
Bead production of importance got under way in France in the seventeenth century.

Candlesticks are among today’s most popular and collectable silver items. The earliest-surviving domestic examples date from the mid-17th century, but most found today were made from the 18th century onward. A great variety of styles is available, from the Classical column shape of the late 18th century to the inventive figural and telescopic forms of the 19th century.
Early candlesticks were cast in solid silver, but huge numbers of less expensive examples stamped from rolled silver sheet were being produced in Birmingham and Sheffield by the 1770s – these were among the first-ever items mass-produced by industrial methods. It is important to remember when buying candlesticks and candelabra that most were made as pairs.
Candlesticks Before 1800
Until the age of mass production, silver candlesticks were used mostly by the Church and the wealthy; others tended to be made of less expensive pewter. Examples made before the mid-17th century are rare. Medieval candlesticks, made largely for church altars, featured tripod feet and a pricker (metal spike) to hold the candle: sockets or sconces for the candle were not introduced until the 15th century. Candlesticks were usually made as pairs and are generally sold as such today; single candlesticksmay sometimes be worth as little as a quarter of the value of a pair.
BAROQUE AND QUEEN ANNE STYLES Silver Candlesticks
Although many candlesticks are recorded from before the 17th century, few survive; they were often melted down because they were damaged, or for conversion into coin. In particular, there are very few English candlesticks dating front before the 1650s, as much silver was melted down during the Civil War (1642-9).
In the 17th century most silver candlesticks were raised from thin, hammered sheet metal. The earliest candlesticks found on the market today, dating from the 167()s and 1680s, have stems of fluted Classical columns, or clusters of columns, and octagonal or square bases. Some rare examples have scalloped, richly embossed bases – a speciality of Dutch silversmiths. American candlesticks made before c.1760 are rare; the earliest-known pair, made in Boston, dates from 1675.
In the 1690s immigrant Huguenot silversmiths revolutionized the production of English candlesticks by casting them in solid silver rather than raising them from sheet. The base, stem, and sconce were cast separately and soldered together. The earliest pattern of cast candlesticks, •generally 15 to 18chn (6-7in) high, had a plain baluster stem with a series of knops (bulbous rings) on a square, round, or angled base. During the 17105 and 1720s octagonal and hexagonal faceted stems and bases, typical of the Queen Anne style, became fashionable. These elegant candlesticks, made in the higher-standard (”Britannia”) silver, were plain except for an engraved coat of arms at the bottom of the stem.
ROCOCO AND NEO-CLASSICAL STYLES Silver Candlesticks
The baluster shape remained the most popular design in the early and mid-18th century, but IT, the early 1730s candlesticks were slightly taller (19-23Cro/7e’2_9jlj high), with richer ornament of pleated, lobed forms on the base and stern. The influence of the Rococo style is evident in the chased shell motifs and flared, flower-like nozzles
of examples from the 17305 to the 17605. Some exceptionally fine candlesticks of this period have ornately cast and chased steins of figures holding the candle sconce above their heads. In the 1740s detachable nozzles were added to the spool-shaped sconces for saving dripping wax and for easier removal of candle stabs; some candlesticks found today have replacement nozzles because the originals were damaged or lost. Throughout this period some silversmiths specialized in the production of candlesticks; in England, the best known were the Gould and the Cafe families.
In the 1750 and 1760s simpler forms returned under the influence of the Neo-classical style. Candlesticks of this period, averaging 24 to 28.5cm (9f —I Ist) high, have plain, circular nozzles, square bases, and plain or faceted stems decorated with typically Classical gadrooning around the base, knici and sconce. By c.1765 Corinthian column
candlesticks had become fashionable, and by he 1770S and 1780s the French style of plain or fluted tapering baluster stein on a circular base, decorated with Neo-classical ornament such as reeding, beading, swags, and ram’s heads, was popular. Noted architects such as Robert Adam, James Wyatt, and Sir William Chambers also produced designs for Neo-classical candlesticks as part of their overall schemes for interior decoration.
Simple Neo-classical forms with restrained decoration were particularly v suited to new methods of manufacture. Silversmiths in the growing industrial centres of Birmingham and Sheffield used rolled sheet silver, made in flatting mills, to manufacture candlesticks on a large scale. As this silver was often of very thin gauge, the base of the candlestick was weighted, or “loaded”, with wood, pitch, or plaster of parts for stability. Mass production of loaded candlesticks in Birmingham and Sheffield increased after the opening of assay offices in those two cities in 1773; the candlesticks proved SO popular that London silversmiths often bought in provincially made pieces and overstani them with London marks. Loaded candlesticks were significantly less expensive than cast ones because much less silver was used, and they still fetch lower prices today.
SILVER TAPERSTICKS, CHAMBERSTICKS AND SNUFFERS
From the late 17th century silversmiths made taperstick, — smaller versions of candlesticks (10-13crr/4—Sin) —for holding a taper, or thin candle, with which to melt sealing wax and light tobacco pipes. Since the designs of taperstick, copy almost exactly those of candlesticks, many such pieces were probably supplied as a set, although taperstick, were usually made singly rather than as a pair. Front the irricl century the taperstick was replaced by the waxjack, featuring a central rod, around which the taper was coiled, on a circular foot.
chambersticks were used to light the way at night. Because each member of a household would need one, they were made fit large sets, but pairs were common after c.1800. They usually have a saucer-like base, decorated with reeding, beading, or gadrooning, with a central socket on a short stem, and detachable nozzles from the mid-18th century. Rare, early 17th-centUry chambersticks have long, flat handles, but ring- or scroll-shaped handles were introduced front the 1720s, with a thumb-piece and socket fora conical extinguisher. Some chambersticks also have a pierced slot under the sconce for snuffer scissors, but matching snuffer scissors and chambersticks are rarely found today.
Snuffers (scissor-like implements for trimming and collecting wicks) were an essential accessory for candles before the self-consuming wick was invented c.1800. They were produced by specialist makers. The earliest sets, from the late 17th to early 18th century, have vertical stands with faceted baluster stems and bases similar to contemporary candlesticks, sometimes with a conical extinguisher attached. Later sets have oblong or hourglass-shaped stands, like trays, with feet or handlts. Snuffer trays are sometimes sold today as pen trays.
Silver Candlesticks after 1800
By the late 18th century huge numbers of loaded sheet-silver candlesticks were being made using mechanized production in the English industrial centres of Sheffield and Buirraigham, primarily to meet demand from the newly prosperous middle classes. The Ire, mechanized techniques of rolling sheet silver, die-stamping, and die-sinking gradually began to replace laborious casting methods (although the best-quality candlesticks were still cast). Candlesticks were also among the earliest items made in Sheffield plate. As the 19th century progressed, elaborate surface ornament, in keeping with Victorian taste, and revivals of 17th- and 18th-century styles characterized the production of candlesticks. They remained popular as decorative items even after the invention of gas and oil lighting and, later, electricity.
LATE NEO-CLASSICAL CANDLESTICKS
At the end of the 18th century candlesticks of all kinds —cast, loaded sheet silver, or Sheffield plate — were made either in the Corinthian column style on a square foot, or in the plain or fluted tapering baluster form on a circular foot: both types are decorated with ornament derived from Classical architecture, such as swags, ram’s heads, vreaths, urns, and formal leaves. Thee are generally 25.5 to 31cm ( 10-12m) tall. Sheet-silver and Sheffield-plate candlesticks have Visible seaming lines where the separate sheet or plate parts have been joined. They may also have small holes in the silver (or patches Of visible copper on plate pieces), especially on areas of high relief, caused by overstretching the sheet or plate. Any die-stamped ornament should be sharply defined.
The telescopic adjustable candlestick, a speciality of Sheffield makers, was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Made in loaded sheet silver and Sheffield plate, it featured a cylindrical stem fitted with telescopic slides rising from the base. Although telescopic candlesticks occasionally appear in auctions today, most do not worl, properly; their restoration can be costly.
THE 19TH-CENTURY REVIVAL STYLES Silver Candlesticks
In the 19th century silver items were produced in an unprecedented range of historical styles, mainly as a result of developments in mechanized production, which meant that manufacturers could reproduce almost any form or type of ornament. The widespread dispersal of aristocratic collections of historic plate also provided inspiration for designers. Motifs such as trefoils and arches derived from Gothic art, while the Rococo — more ornate and bulbous than the original 18th-CCutUry version — remained one of the most popular revival styles throughout the Venture.
REGENCY AND VICTORIAN CANDLESTICKS
In the Regency period (late ISth—cariv :19th centres candlesticks became more ornate, with richer foliate and scroll decoration on the base, at the top of the stem, and around the socket. From about the 1820, and 1830, candlestick-makers concentrated on imitating 17th-and 18th-cenrur.% styles, beginning with the Rococo. Candlesticks in the Rococo Revival taste arc richly chased all over with scrolls and flowers and have undulating baluster stems, but the curves are heavier, the proportions less balanced, and the sconces more bulbous than on 18th-century originals; most were also made of loaded sheet silver, rather than cast as they would have been in the first half of the 18th century. Since mechanized manufacture resulted in less expensive products, large sets of matching candlesticks were more popular in this period than
Candlesticks in revival styles were produced in both larger and smaller versions of the originals; man, were also made as exact copies of originals to replace those that were damaged or lost, although there are although a number of fakes. Figural candlesticks were particularly popular during the 19th century, reflecting contemporary taste for novelty pieces. Subjects for figural candlesticks included caryatids, knights in armour, and rustic figures of shepherds and shepherdesses; pairs usually consist of male and female figures.
In the 1890s there was a revival of the fashion for column candlesticks, this time with stepped square bases and with inam, variations in the patterns of the borders and the capital. These are generally smaller than late 18th-centurN versions — about 14can 15′ 2111) high. Afam candlesticks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were wired for electrical lighting as dressing-table of desklights — in such cases there mac be holes in the base for the electrical cord. During the Vogue for the Queen Anne stele in the early 20th century, sonic silversmiths produced copies of early 18th-century styles; these can be distinguished from originals by their use of sterling silver instead of the Britannia standard and by their detachable no,zlcs, which did not appear before c.1740.
With the invention of the self-consuming candle wit: in the early 19th century, snuffers became obsolete, although some were made in revival stales.
THE NEW INDUSTRIAL CENTRES
Candlesticks were among the first items mass-produced in the English cities of Birmingham and Sheffield, using newly developed mechanized methods of manufacture. With the expansion of industry in those cities in the mid-19th century, candlestick manufacture became a specialized trade. The rolling, mill, invented c.1740, enabled a silver ingot to be flattened into a sheet of uniform gauge, while the fly press, developed in the 1760, and 1770x, made accurate and repetitive piercing possil-il, Both these inventions reduced labour and manufacturing costs, since they replaced laborious hammering and hand-piercing. Decorative components were also mass-produced by die-stamping. The sheet of metal was placed oil a block with a sunken die in the form of the pattern to lie reproduced; this was struck with a hammer with a relief pattern in the sart, shape as the dic. This method was used for items in both silver and Sheffield plate, and a vast range of styles and forms was made possible by interchanging the decorative stamped components. As complete sets of dies were highly expensive, then were often used by several manufacturers, resulting in the production of identical patterns by a Nall of silversmiths. These new industrialized methods were especially well exploited by the Birmingham makers Matthew Boutton ( 1728-1809) and John Fothergill (ti. 1782), who pioneered the use of the steam-powered rolling mill in the late 18th century.

Featured on Antcollectors Silver
antique silver candlesticks
18th century silversmiths
antique silver candelabra
antique silver candle sticks
figural silver antique candlesticks
nicholas sprimont solid silver
silver candelabra made in birmingham
silver plated sauce dish with cover
16th century silverware
1700s silver trays
17th and 18th century french silver marks
17th century brass candlestick rectangle

Tables are arguably the most essential item of furniture. Known to have been made in ancient Egypt, they have evolved from the very simplest utilitarian form to items of great splendour and ingenuity. The table is a good record of the changing habits of the societies for which they were made. In the Middle Ages meals were taken in vast halls and suitably large tables were made to accommodate the numerous guests. However, by the 18th century meals were taken in more intimate surroundings, which gave rise to the need for smaller tables that could be set aside when not in use. Of course tables were not just for serving or eating, but also for playing games, working, sewing, reading, or purely for ornamental purposes.
Early tables
During the Middle Ages, banquets were the principal ceremony in any wealthy household and invariably took place in the Great Halt. The high table, usually placed on a raised dais beneath a canopy, was reserved for the master of the house, his family, and guests. Meanwhile, the rest of the household and retainers sat at side tables, drawn into the centre of the room and set at right angles to the high table. Flemish, British, and French trestle tables, dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, are usually of massive boards of indigenous woods such as oak or elm, above a central support, and with two or three sturdy trestle supports. Originally functional and plain, the top was draped with a cloth – textiles gave colour and decoration to interiors, and the table was another surface to cover. Man- tables were later embellished with carving. These earliest trestle tables were often designed to be taken down and removed after meals, the tops themselves being detachable to make way for dancing and festivities in the Hall. Contrastingly, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese collapsible trestle-tables of the 16th and 17th centuries tend to have planked tops of walnut, rosewood, or chestnut, with X-shaped iron supports or stretchers to stabilize the end-supports.
“JOYNED” AND DRAW-LEAF TABLES
During the 15th and 16th centuries the more stable, although still collapsible, “joyned” tables evolved. The precursors of 16th-century refectory tables, these tables had trestles strengthened by side-rails and stretchers, which were secured through the end-supports bi, stout, tapering, triangular pegs. Also of oak, elm, or chestnut, these “tables upon a frame” were more permanent fixtures, and were usually supplied with matching stools. When not in use the stools were stored away beneath the table frame, with the scats facing out and testing upon the stretchers. The tables were frequently elaborately carved with Gothic foliage, or even with grotesque beasts.
With their heavy fixed tops, these early trestle tables were not suitable for seating the continually changing numbers of diners, and a more sophisticated design therefore emerged. The innovative “draw-leaf” table was developed in Germany, The Netherlands, and Britain in the mid-16th century; the length of the table could he doubled b., pulling out “draw-leaves” at each end, upon which the top rested when closed (hence the appearance of a double thickness top). The basic design of the draw-leaf table was inspirational to Regency cabinet-makers in Britain, as well as to British vernacular furniture-makers of the 19th and 20th centuries.
REFECTORY TABLES
During the 16th century refectory tables – so-called because they originated in monasteries, where the eating room was known a refectory – became increasingly elaborately decorated. Italian refectory tables were made of walnut and were initially restrained in character, perhaps with turned column legs or carved gadrooncd or fluted decoration to the friezes. This style gradually gave way to fabulous tables with boldly sculptural carved end-supports, with figures, foliage, and nymphs or sphinxes on lion supports. The ideas of Italy travelled northward to France, especially the exaggerated and attenuated forms of early Mannerism, as popularized by the painter Giulio Romano ( 1499-1546) when lie left Italy to join the court of Francis I at the chateau of Fontainebleau, outside Paris. Such decorative schemes were swiftly adopted by Flemish and German craftsmen in the later 16th century; it was the latter who developed the fashion for exaggerated vase-shaped legs, often carved with grotesque faces and lion-masks. Through the published designs of northern Mannerist architects such as Hans Vredeman do Vries (1526—c.1604), as well as the work of immigrant craftsmen, the fashion was transmitted further through Europe, and spread to Britain. Examples of British 16th- and 17th-century refectory tables are distinguished by their bulbous legs, often carved with foliate arabesques, while friezes are often embellished with naive inlay of interlaced designs incorporating architectural arcades or grotesque beasts.
While walnut was much used in southern Europe and in court pieces elsewhere, oak predominates in central and northern Europe. The carving was bold, individual, and well executed. The carvers worked to a high standard, with good spatial awareness, and there is a robustness about the pieces that diminished toward the end of the 17th century.
The art of wood turning was an important 17th-century development. This was not a new discovery, and had certainly been practiced in ancient Egypt.
With the increased use of rigid pieces of furniture, more attention was paid to the way in which the exposed wood was displayed. During the 17th century, table designs became lighter and more refined, with baluster or columnar rather than bulbous legs, finished with ring-turned mouldings. Friezes became increasingly restrained, sometimes subtly enriched with parquetry decoration incorporating fine specimen woods or fluting. I hese later examples are often dated and carved with initials, perhaps to commemorate a marriage. However, beware as these dates can be spurious and applied considerably later, particularly in the 19th century when Lill things -jacobethan” enjoyed a revival. Victorian copies of these tables are generally more poorly produced and lack the bold confidence of their 17thMltlury counterparts.
While trestle and “]oynecl” refectory tables continued to be made in northern Europe, as well as by provincial furniture-makers in England well into the 19th century, the fashion for eating “in Hall” was gradually abandoned in the late 17th century in favour of smaller dining-rooms. As life became more settled, and merchant classes grew, new types of table developed to suit their needs. Even in aristocratic circles the scale of houses diminished and dining became more intimate.
OTHER SMALLER TABLES
Matching furniture to a specific room was a concept that spread from Spain to the rest of Europe and became a major influence in furniture design. Rooms acquired more furniture, although they N were still sparsely furnished by today’s standards. As part of this scheme small tables played an important role. Many types, such as the credence table, were designed to perform specific functions, although often those uses have now lapsed. Since the table formed such an integral part of day-to-day life at all levels, its deNelopicient, style, construction, timber, and name closely reflected progressions and changes within society.
As tables diversified, drawers became common additions. The decorative turnings were more refined; small tables now had slender baluster or bobbin turnings, which were a significant development from the heavier and more sturdy legs of the previous century. Small, occasional, side tables were produced on a large scale, and fortunately many have survived. Set against walls, they developed into more formalized console tables, which were an important feature in grand interiors from the beginning of the 18th century. ‘The 16th century, with the early 17th, is considered to be the age of the joiner, but as fashions and woodworking skills developed, increasing rapidly throughout the 17th century, his position was taken by the cabinet-maker, who developed and refined the table throughout the I8th century.

William Iv, 3 Arched Glazed Doors Over 3 Paneled Doors, 101 X 64 In.

Walnut, Ogee-molded Cornice, Glazed Doors, C.1850, 88 X 57 X 13 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Feet, C.1900, 31 X 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, C.1880, 86 X 52 X 23 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Molded Cornice, 2 Doors, Brass Grills, 81 X 59 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Applied Lead Grill Strapping, 51 X 42 In.

Regency Style, Pine, Shelves, Reeding, Lion Masks, Paw Feet, 42 X 58 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Projecting Center Section, 84 X 102 In.

Pearson, 3-stack, Oak, Leaded Glass Door, 47 X 34 X 13 In.

Oak, Leaf Carved, Flower Medallion, 2 Shelves, 46 X 42 X 13 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 55 X 59 X 12 1/2 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Scroll Carving, Claw Feet, 56 X 48 X 15 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Adjustable Shelves, 1920s, 78 X 48 In.

Neoclassical, Rosewood, Gilt Decoration, Baltimore, C.1820, 91 X 76 In.

Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Rosette Corners, 3 Glazed Doors, 59 X 73 In.

Mahogany, Marquetry, Arched, Glazed Doors, Drawers, Dutch, 87x 65 In.

Mahogany, Crossbanded, 2 Doors, Shelves, Drawers, 83 1/2 X 48 X 21 In.

Mahogany, 3 Doors, Carved Baluster Posts, Claw Feet, C.1910, 58 X 20 In.

Mahogany, 20th Century, 75 1/2 X 60 X 17 In.

Macey, Oak, Nut Brown Finish, 4-stack, Paneled Ends, 63 X 52 In.

Louis Philippe, Mahogany, Glazed Door, C.1850, 48 X 37 In., Pair

Lifetime, Oak, Glass Door, 4 Shelves, 59 X 31 In.

Lifetime, Door, 4 Shelves, Copper Hardware, 54 X 28 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Glass Panes, 52 X 12 X 56 In.

John Shaw & Son, William Iv, Mahogany, C.1835, 71 X 58 In.

Grain Painted, Dovetailed Case, 3 Drawers, 48 X 42 X 10 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stack, Early 20th Century, 10 X 34 In. ~illus

Georgian Style, Walnut, Oak, Glazed Door, Shell-carved Cabriole Legs, 76 In.

George Iv, Rosewood, Brass Mounted, Parcel Gilt, C.1820, 38 X 30 In., Pair

George Iii, Mahogany, Wooden Screws, Drawer, Bun Feet, 1800s, 23 X 23 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Drawer, Door, C.1790, 49 X 24 X 12 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Inlaid, Cylindrical, 1900s, 26 3/4 X 22 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Cornice, Astragal Glazed Doors, 81 X 52 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, C.1850, 94 X 135 In.

George Ii Style, Mahogany, Early 20th Century, 47 X 60 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, V-shaped Pulls, Paper Label, 56 X 60 X 13 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, Open Door, 6 Shelves, Arched Toe Board, Columns, 48 X 58 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 12-pane Doors, 56 X 60 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 56 1/2 X 45 1/2 X 13 In. ~illus

G. Nakashima, Walnut, C.1972, 48 X 36 X 12 In.

English Oak, 2 Doors, Early 20th Century, 73 X 43 1/2 X 17 3/4 In.

Cherry, Beaded Back Panels, Pullout Drawer, Doors, 6 Panes, 95 X 45 In.

Blue Paint, Blocked Cornice, Open Shelves, 2-drawer Base, 73 X 53 In.

Biedermeier, Fruitwood, Ebonized Trim, 2 Glazed Doors, 72 X 50 In.

Barrister, Ebonized Oak, Checker Inlay, England, Late 1800s, 81 X 35 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Dark Stain, Tapered Sides, 6 Shelves, 45 X 18 X 13 In.

Arts & Crafts, Mullions, Backsplash, Shelves, 56 X 42 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Gallery Top, 8 Panes, Hammered Copper, 56 X 47 1/2 In.

Art Deco, Rosewood, Inlaid, France, C.1925, 40 X 10 X 44 In.

Art Deco, Asian Hardwoods, 60 X 33 X 15 In.

Aesthetic Revival, Ebonized, Carved Frieze, C.1875, 68 1/2 X 33 X 16 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Glazed Doors, 80 X 57 X 18 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 91 X 54 X 17 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Turned Pilasters, 44 X 53 In.

Weis Furniture, Oak, Stack, 8 Sections, Drawer, 34 X 11 X 95 In.

Walnut, Rope-carved Border, Drawer, Lion’s-paw Feet, 69 X 52 In.

Walnut, Crossbanded, 3 Doors, Bracket Feet, 42 1/2 X 60 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Sections, 89 1/2 X 52 X 18 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Rosewood, Cornice, Glass Doors, 49 X 19 X 92 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Gallery, Rosette & Line Carving, 54 X 15 X 71 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Cornice, 2 Glass Doors, Over Drawer, 43 X 79 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved, 3 Sections, 3 Drawers, 79 X 19 X 96 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, Urn Crest Finial, Glass Doors, 53 X 16 X 77 In.

Victorian, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Cornice, 58 X 48 X 14 In.

Udell, Oak, Stack, 6 Sections, 33 3/4 X 12 X 82 1/4 In.

Tiger Maple, 2 Sections, 4 Doors, New England, C.1835, 92 X 94 In.

Rohde, Herman Miller, C.1939, 25 X 36 X 13 In., Pair

Revolving, Oak, Glass Door, Molded Panel, 16 X 36 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Crossbanded, Marquetry, 34 X 18 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Inlaid Elm, Square Top, Crossbar, 31 X 18 In.

Revolving, Edwardian Style, Mahogany, Burl Walnut, 31 X 18 In.

Revolving, Danners, Mahogany, Canton, Ohio, 20 X 21 X 43 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved, 2 Doors, 57 X 54 X 16 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Shelves, 90 X 74 X 20 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Pediment, Paneled Doors, 89 X 38 X 16 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Maidens’ Heads, 37 X 31 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Early 1800s, 36 1/2 X 54 X 13 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Waterfall, 4 Tiers, 43 X 39 X 11 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Graduated Shelves, 44 X 39 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, Gallery, Cock-beaded Edges, 44 X 39 In., Pair

Oriental, Elm, High Legs, 9 Sections, 3 Drawers, 63 X 20 X 76 In.

Onondaga Shops, No. 519, Gallery Top, 2 Doors, 56 1/2 X 52 In.

Oak, Stack, 5 Sections, Gallery Top, Paneled Ends, 32 X 12 X 67 In.

Oak, Stack, 5 Sections, Cornice Base, 34 X 12 X 66 In.

Oak, Carved, Turned Columns, Drawers, 19th Century, 86 X 73 X 19 In.

Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, Continental, Late 1800s, 64 1/2 X 78 In.

Maple, Brass, Decorative Wood Inlays, 1950s, 29 X 36 X 13 In.

Mahogany, Waterfall, 4 Shelves, 2 Drawers, England, 49 X 26 X 12 In.

Mahogany, Step Back, 2 Sections, Double Doors, 68 X 19 X 93 In.

Mahogany, Raised Corner Blocks, Incised Rosettes, 46 X 13 X 46 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, C.1920, 36 X 24 X 11 In., Pair

Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, Reeded Half Columns, 45 X 30 X 10 In.

Mahogany, 3 Doors, Carved Posts, Claw Feet, 1910, 58 X 77 X 20 In.

Louis Xvi Style, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, C.1885, 74 X 59 In.

Louis Philippe, Cuban Mahogany, Overhanging Cornice, 71 X 40 X 13 In.

Limbert, No. 372, 2 Arched Doors, 6 Shelves, Copper, 60 X 48 In.

Limbert, No. 359, Overhanging Top, 3 Glazed Doors, 57 X 66 In.

Limbert, No. 321, 2 Leaded Glass Doors, 7 Shelves, 54 X 43 In.

Limbert, Ebon-oak, 2 Doors, 6 Shelves, Copper, 60 X 48 X 14 In.

Limbert, Ash, 2 Doors, Iron Hardware, Slab Sides, 44 X 14 X 56 In.

Limbert, 1 Door, Leaded Glass, Through Tenon, Paper Label, 55 In.

Lifetime, Door, Overlaid Mullions, 28 X 13 X 56 In.

Lifetime Puritan, Glass Doors, Paper Label, 51 1/2 X 45 In. , Illustrated

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Gallery Top, Through Tenon, C.1912, 55 X 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 647, 3 12-pane Doors, Gallery Top, 55 X 73 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 637, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 36 X 13 X 56 In.

Heart Pine, 5 Adjustable Shelves, Beadboard Back, S.c., 84 X 56 X 13 In.

Gothic Revival, Oak, Timepiece, 3 Over 3 Doors, 1800s, 98 In.

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, 49 X 56 X 18 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stack, Cornice, 34 X 12 X 72 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Cornice, Fret Carved Frieze, 86 X 47 X 16 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed, 1800s, 80 X 43 X 18 In.

George Iii, Faux Bois, Cornice, Astragal Glazed Doors, 54 X 20 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Step Back, Drawers, 49 X 18 X 11 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 68 X 44 X 13 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2-panel Doors, Splayed Feet, 77 X 27 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 84 X 50 X 16 In.

G. Stickley, No. 716, 2 Doors, Through Tenon, 16 Panes, 56 X 43 In.

G. Stickley, No. 542, 2 Doors, 56 X 36 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Through Tenon, 16 Panes, 56 X 46 X 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Mullion, Harvey Ellis, 42 X 14 X 64 In.

Federal Style, Pine, Double, 20th Century, 87 X 97 X 19 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, 3 Doors, 56 X 72 X 19 In.

Empire Revival, Mahogany, Stepped, 2 Doors, Shelves, 35 X 28 In.

Edwardian, Burl Walnut, Bookmatched Top, 38 X 51 In.

Circassian Walnut, Adjustable Shelves, Early 1800s, 46 X 42 In.

Baltic, Ebonized, 2 Glazed Doors, Paneled, Drawers, 72 X 47 X 14 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Glass Door, 1900s, 52 X 29 X 15 In., Pair

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Galleried Top, 4 Shelves, 78 X 39 X 15 In.

Arts & Crafts, Door, Shelves, Front Cutout, 33 X 13 X 48 In.

American Restauration, Mahogany, Stepped Top, 4 Doors, 67 X 82 In.

American Restauration, Mahogany, Ogee Cornice, 2 Doors, 87 X 64 In.

3 Glazed Doors, 3 Drawers, Turned Columns, C.1875, 74 1/2 X 58 X 14 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 94 X 88 X 17 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 90 X 70 1/2 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1977, 48 X 48 X 9 3/4 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 90 X 103 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, Label, 56 X 13 In.

Mission, Oak, 2 Doors, Glass Sides ~illus

Wormley, K 89-4, Pyramid, Mahogany, Drexel, 1956, 55 x 19 x 24 In.

Walnut, Carved Crest, Burled Drawer Base, C.1880, 91 x 43 x 17 In.

Walnut, 3 Vertical Compartments, 3 Drawers, Victorian

Walnut, 3 Sections, Glass Doors, Half Spiral Columns, 63 x 128 x 19 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Columns, Burled Crest, C.1880, 84 1/2 x 47 x 20 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, C.1885, 16 1/4 x 13 x 9 3/4 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Doors, Copper Hardware, Handle Cutouts, 29 x 54 x 31 In.

Stacking, Mission, 3 Sections Over Drawer, 48 x 34 1/2 x 23 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, Open, 3 Shelves, C.1910, 38 x 15 1/2 x 53 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, Iron Handle, 40 x 15 x 55 In.

Revolving, Victorian, Mahogany, Satinwood Strung, C.1890, 32 x 21 In.

Revolving, Regency Style, Inlaid Yew, Circular Top, 31 x 20 1/2 In.

Revolving, George Iii Style, Inlaid Satinwood, Circular, 39 x 17 1/4 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Crossbanded, Quatrefoil Base, 32 x 19 In.

Revolving, Barrister, Mahogany, 4 Tiers, Molded Slats, 59 x 24 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Arched Glass Door, 99 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Ebonized, Burled, C.1875, 78 In.

Regency, Rosewood, Brass Inlay, Grill Inset Doors, 75 x 39 x 21 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Open, Early 19th Century, 33 x 28 1/2 x 14 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 4 Open Shelves, C.1815, 41 x 37 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Split Pane Doors, Beaded, C.1835, 36 1/2 x 31 In.

Regency Style, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, C.1850, 85 x 36 x 24 In.

Queen Anne Style, Walnut, Waterfall, 2 Drawers, 44 1/2 x 23 In., Pair

Queen Anne Style, Sliding Doors, C.1920

Pine, 3 Shelves, Bracket Feet, Shaped Returns, Lap Joints, 43 1/2 x 30 x 11 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, Sliding Glass Doors, Lock, 52 x 35 1/2 x 14 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Doors, Fixed Shelves, 63 x 54 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Doors, Fixed Shelf, 63 x 54 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Oak, Double Doors, Brass Floral Basket Hinges, American, 65 x 56 In.

Neoclassical, Mahogany, Open, North Italy, C.1835, 39 x 39 In., Pair

Mission, Limbert, Heart Cutouts, 58 x 39 3/4 x 13 In.

Michigan Chair Co., 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 36 x 12 x 45 In.

Mccobb, Directional, Saffron Finish, 2 Shelves, 32 x 14 1/4 In.

Mccobb, Birch, 2 Open Shelves, Black Metal Stand, 33 x 36 x 12 In.

Mahogany, Wood Screws, 2 Drawers, England, C.1850, 58 x 26 x 15 In.

Mahogany, Carved Base, Winged Griffin Supports, C.1880, 92 x 108 In.

Limbert, 3 Doors, 57 x 66 1/2 x 14 In.

Lifetime, No. 7218, Door, 10 Top Squares, Copper Hardware, 28 x 56 In.

Lifetime, 1 Panel Glass Door, Mullion Overlay, 53 1/2 x 27 x 13 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, 2 Doors, 12 Panels, 52 x 12 x 56 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, 56 x 40 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 641, Door, Cooper Pull, 16 Panes, 55 x 30 x 12 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 637, 2 Doors, Arched Apron, 55 x 36 x 13 3/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 326 1/2, Door, 12 Panes, Key Tenon, 33 x 56 In.

Irish Regency, Mahogany, Adjustable Shelves, 97 x 78 x 16 In.

Gothic Revival, Walnut, 3 Glass Doors, C.1850, 71 3/4 x 107 x 19 In.

Gothic Revival, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, C.1850, 71 3/4 x 84 x 19 In.

George Iii, Sheraton Style, Mahogany, 4 Doors, 2 Glazed, 87 x 45 1/2 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Cupboard Doors, 76 x 41 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 4 Drawers, C.1785, 92 x 40 x 22 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, C.1900, 34 x 35 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, 86 1/2 x 52 1/4 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 4 Glazed Doors, 80 x 43 x 17 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 88 x 44 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, 2 Doors, Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 47 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 716, 2 Doors, Glass, Iron Hardware, 43 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Key Tenon, 16 Glass Panes, C.1904, 46 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 24 Glass Panes, Through Tenon, 56 1/2 x 60 x 13 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1977, 36 x 40 x 12 In.

French Empire, Black Lacquer, Gilt Bronze, Inlaid, 19th Century, 44 x 43 In.

Flower Decoration, Molded Base, 2 Doors, Shelves, 43 x 12 1/2 x 38 In.

English Burl, Mahogany, Dovetailed, 13-panel Doors, 88 x 43 x 22 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Mullioned Double Doors, Paw Feet, 64 x 50 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, Brass, Grill Inset Doors, 78 x 63 x 9 In.

Corner, Mission, Oak, Geometric Glazed Doors, 52 x 36 1/2 x 27 In.

Charles X, Mahogany, Arched Grillwork, Doors, C.1835, 94 x 59 x 20 In.

Charles Limbert, Glazed Oak, 2 Doors, 4 Glass Panel, 1906, 48 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut, Ebonized, 2 Glazed Paneled Doors, 66 1/2 x 45 In.

Biedermeier, Mahogany, 2 Glass Paneled Doors, C.1825, 80 x 46 x 13 In.

Biedermeier, Fruitwood, Tympanum Drawers, 1800s, 76 x 48 x 21 In.

Barrister, Oak, Stacking, Cornice, Glazed Doors, Early 1900s, 103 x 34 In.

Barrister, Oak, 3 Sections, 3 Doors, Globe-wernicke, C.1900, 49 x 34 In.

Barrister, Mahogany, 6 Sections, Globe-wernicke, C.1910, 34 x 61 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Vertical Mullions, 6 Shelves, 47 x 13 x 58 In.

2 Glass Doors, Brass Pulls, Arched Stretchers, 56 x 57 1/4 x 13 1/2 In.

2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Hinges, Backsplash Galley, 52 x 40 x 14 In.

William Iv, Rosewood, Breakfront Center, Barley Twist Supports, 44 x 64 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Marble Top, 38 1/2 x 29 x 11 3/4 In.

Walnut, Molded Cornice, 2 Glazed Panel Doors, Raised Cabriole Legs, 61 In.

Walnut, Marquetry, Crossbanded, 19th Century, 36 x 39 x 11 In.

Walnut, Carved Burled Gallery, 2 Glass Doors Over 2 Drawers, 84 x 53 In.

Walnut, 4 Sections, Glass Door Front, 66 1/2 x 35 1/2 x 11 1/2 In.

Walnut, 3 Doors, 2 Carved, 4 Center Shelves, 70 x 66 x 15 1/4 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Carved Crest, C.1885, 104 x 50 x 19 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, Pedestal Doors, Drawers, 1840, 89 x 65 In.

Victorian, Mahogany, England, C.1885, 53 3/4 x 48 1/2 x 12 In.

Roycroft, Oak, Arch Top & Base, 3 Shelves, C.1907, 37 x 17 x 15 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, 20th Century, 50 x 16 x 53 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, C.1910, 40 x 15 x 55 In.

Revolving, Walnut, 3 Shelves, Slated Sides, 44 1/2 x 23 1/2 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Round, Crossbanded, England, 34 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Linenfold Inlay Top, England, 34 x 23 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Inlaid, Square Top, 3 Tiers, 37 x 18 x 18 In.

Revolving, John Danner, Oak, Tiers, Cast Iron Legs, C.1880, 51 In. ~illus

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, Ogee Feet, C.1900, 31 x 20 In.

Revolving, Cherry, Square Top, Round Corners, Casters, C.1890, 44 x 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Burl, Glazed Doors, Panels, 91 x 50 x 19 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 2 Glazed Doors, Plinth Base, 87 x 49 In., Pair

Regency, Mahogany, Paneled Doors, Pilasters, Cornice, 94 x 48 x 18 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Pilasters, Plinth Base, 95 x 50 x 18 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, C.1815, 88 x 35 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Sides, Casters, Handles, 41 x 30 1/2 x 13 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, Paneled Pilasters, 84 x 44 In.

Regency Style, Rosewood, Marble Top, 2 Doors, 1800s, 36 x 42 x 13 In.

Oak, Curved Glass, Shaped Curio Gallery, C.1890, 71 x 29 x 13 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Bow Center, Carved, Claw Feet, C.1885, 66 x 74 x 20 In.

Oak, 3 Doors, Beveled Mirrors, Floral Carving, C.1885, 76 x 72 x 18 In.

Oak, 2 Mullioned Doors, Acanthus Columns, Claw Feet, 53 x 54 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 61 1/2 x 56 x 15 1/2 In.

Napoleon Iii, Walnut, 3 Sections, Glazed Door, 1800s, 97 x 84 x 25 In.

Mahogany, Step-down, 3 Doors, Curved Glass, 70 x 63 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Mortised Joints, Dovetailed, Doors, England, 17 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Molded Cornice, Frieze, 2 Glazed Doors, Pillars, 72 x 16 x 61 In.

Mahogany, Maple, Scroll Top, New England, 18th Century, 84 3/4 In.

Mahogany, Inlaid Top, Gadrooned Edge, Glazed Panel Doors, 48 x 38 In.

Mahogany, Inlaid Frieze, 2 Shelves, 39 1/2 x 40 1/2 x 12 1/2 In., Pair

Mahogany, Glazed Paneled Doors, Shelves, 19th Century, 77 x 44 x 12 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, C.1900, 47 x 13 x 57 In.

Mahogany, 4 Glass Doors, 2 J-curved, Full Female Caryatids, 69 x 85 In.

Mahogany, 4 Glass & 2 Carved Doors, C.1885, 63 x 72 x 15 In.

Louis Xv Style, Fruitwood, Doors, Wire Grills, France, 53 x 35 x 14 In.

Limbert, Oak, No. 337, Door, Inlaid Copper & Pewter, 37 x 16 x 50 In.

Limbert, Glazed Oak, 2 Doors, 4 Glass Panels, 1906, 48 x 47 In.

Lifetime, Oak, No. 7663, Puritan Line, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Signed, 45 x 52 In.

Lifetime, Oak, 3 Doors, Gallery Top, Cloud Lift Apron, 57 x 56 1/2 x 13 In.

Lifetime, Oak, 1 Door, 10 Squares, Copper Hardware, 28 x 12 x 56 In.

Library, 3 Doors, Slide Desk, 19th Century, 59 1/2 x 89 x 14 In.

Lakeside Craft, Cutouts, 31 x 29 x 10 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, Copper Pulls, 55 x 52 x 12 In.

Kingwood, Gilt Bronze, Marquetry, 2 Drawers, 1880, 38 x 32 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, 3 Doors, Drawers, 82 x 23 x 44 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, 2 Doors Over 2 Drawers, 72 x 13 x 45 In.

Georgian, Yew, Carved, 2 Glazed Panel Doors, Splayed Legs, 93 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Slant Front, 18th Century, 92 x 48 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, 18th Century, 95 1/2 x 47 x 24 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed & Paneled Doors, 103 x 116 x 19 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 89 1/2 x 51 x 17 1/2 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Glazed Panel Doors, 2 Drawers, 93 x 22 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Astragal Glazed Doors, 86 1/2 x 52 In.

George Iii Style, Leather Inset, Chinoiserie, 95 x 84 x 20 1/2 In.

George Iii Style, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, 83 x 70 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 8 Glass Panes, 3 Shelves, 56 1/4 x 42 3/4 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, 56 x 46 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 16 Glass Panes, Mortised, 56 x 43 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Glass Panes, Iron Pulls, 57 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, No. 715, Iron Pull, 36 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 1 Door, 16 Glass Panes, Mitered Mullions, 32 x 13 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, 1 Door, Leaded Panes, 36 x 14 x 58 In.

G. Nelson, Walnut, Steel, Thin Edge, Herman Miller, 1950s, 67 x 32 In.

G. Nakashima, Walnut, 4 Shelves, C.1972, 49 3/4 x 60 x 23 In.

G. Nakashima, Black Walnut, C.1976, 60 x 50 In.

Federal Style, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Writing Drawer, 36 x 15 x 81 In.

Empire Style, Cream Paint, Gilt, France, 19th Century, 77 In.

Edwardian, Satinwood, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Paneled Doors, 86 In.

Chippendale, Mahogany, Slant Front, Drawers, C.1780, 88 x 40 In.

Chippendale Style, Mahogany, Pierced, Carved Pediment, 92 x 58 1/2 In.

Bowfront, 3 Doors, Carved Acorns & Leaves, C.1890, 78 x 70 x 22 In.

Biedermeier Style, Blond Wood, 2 Doors, 95 x 42 x 10 1/4 In., Pair

Barrister, Oak, 3 Tiers

Barrister, Mission Oak, 5 Tiers, 86 In.

Barrister, Mission Oak, 4 Tiers, Grand Rapids, 54 1/2 x 34 3/4 In.

Barrister, Globe-wernicke, Oak, 4 Tiers, Label, 1900

Bamboo, 4 Tiers, Open Back, Sides, Geometric, 51 x 26 x 11 In.

Arts & Crafts, Rectangular, Stretcher, Plank Sides, 26 1/2 x 24 x 11 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 5 Doors, Beveled Top, 64 x 34 x 15 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 2 Doors, Gallery, 6 Shelves, Latticework, 58 1/2 x 58 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Doors, Brass Hardware, V-board Back, 57 x 13 x 61 In.

Art Deco, Burl, 2 Glazed Doors Over 2 Solid Doors, 67 x 51 x 16 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, Mullioned Doors, 2 Drawers, England, C.1818

Walnut, Pierced Cornice Set With Gargoyles, 92 In.

Walnut, Carved Gallery, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Half Drawers, 74 x 48 In.

Walnut, 3 Sections, 4 Adjustable Shelves, 78 x 25 1/2 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved Gallery, Glass Doors, 2 Drawers, 92 x 78 In.

Victorian, Walnut, Carved Gallery, Columns, Burled Panels, 75 x 19 x 53 In.

Victorian, Rosewood, Mid 19th Century, 64 x 53 x 17 3/4 In.

Victorian, Carved Gothic Dividers On 2 Glass Doors, 2 Drawers, 120 In.

Stickley Bros., Mahogany, Flowers, Leaded Glass, 60 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Glass Doors, Slatted Gallery Top, Brass Tag, 50 x 35 In.

Stickley Bros., 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Faux Mullion, Metal Tag, 53 x 48 In.

Roycroft, Oak, 3 Open Shelves, Marked Ledwidge, 38 In.

Rosewood, 12 Open Compartments, 2 Sliding Doors, Shelves, 79 1/2 In.

Rococo Style, Walnut, Carved, 2 Doors, Continental, 103 1/2 x 54 x 25 In.

Rococo Revival, Rosewood, Tracery, Drawers, 86 x 90 x 17 In.

Rococo Revival, Rosewood, Bonnet Top, Floral Crest, 124 x 66 x 25 In.

Revolving, Oak, 3 Tiers, Adjustable Bookrest, C.1880, 41 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 2 Divided Tiers, Casters, 31 x 18 1/2 In.

Revolving, Burl Walnut, Inlaid, 2 Tiers, X-brace, Casters, 18 1/2 x 31 In.

Regency, Oak, Carved Pediment, Doors, 93 x 88 1/2 x 17 1/2 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Carved, Glazed, Lion-paw Feet, 53 x 72 x 11 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, Bust, 98 x 56 1/2 x 19 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 42 x 36 x 14 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 84 x 54 x 20 In.

Pine, Dovetailed Case, 2 Drawers, Fitted Interior Locks, 27 1/4 In.

Pine, 3 Shelves, Molded Cornice, Red Repaint, 29 x 9 1/2 x 39 3/4 In.

Oak, 3 Sliding Doors, Reeded Pilasters, 68 1/2 x 72 1/2 x 15 In.

Oak, 3 Sections, Sliding Glass Doors, Early 20th Century, 34 x 11 x 45 In.

Oak, 3 Glazed Leaded Glass Paneled Doors, 1900s, 61 x 13 1/2 x 63 In.

Oak, 2 Doors, Carved Door Panels, Beveled Mirrors, 90 x 18 x 56 In.

Marcel Breuer, 3 Shelves, Ebonized Wood, Chrome, 48 x 10 x 48 In.

Mahogany, Victorian, 4 Narrow Doors, 19th Century, 57 x 12 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Sliding Door, Carved, C.1885, 52 x 18 x 61 In., Pair

Mahogany, Mullioned Glass Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 93 In.

Mahogany, Figural Columns, Shaped Doors, C.1880, 66 x 16 x 52 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 2 Lower Doors, 1820s, 90 1/2 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, Flower & Leaves Inlay, 64 x 53 In.

Mahogany, 2 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 4 Base Drawers, 88 1/2 In.

Mahogany, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Crisscross Front Panels, 46 x 49 x 13 In.

Lundstrom, Arts & Crafts, Leaded Glass Doors, Shelves, 53 x 68 x 12 In.

Limbert, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Adjustable Shelves, Copper Pulls, 57 x 40 1/2 In.

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Splayed Legs, 48 x 14 x 57 In.

Limbert, No. 340, Mahogany, 2 Divided Glass Panes, 32 x 11 x 46 In.

Limbert, No. 327, Mahogany, Dark Finish, 1 Door, 37 x 16 x 50 In.

Limbert, No. 222, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 38 x 14 x 51 In.

Limbert, 3 Doors, Divided Glass Panes, Copper, 9 Shelves, 56 x 14 x 50 In.

Limbert, 2 Doors, 6 Open-end Shelves, 48 x 12 x 46 In.

Lifetime, Open, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, 54 x 40 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, Finish, 2 Doors, 45 x 42 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, Dark Finish, 3 Doors, 54 x 55 In.

Lifetime, Drawer Over Door, Latticework Panes, Shelves, Label, 55 x 32 In.

Lifetime, 3 Doors, Faux Mullions, Gallery Top, 55 x 56 In.

Liberty, Oak, Open, 3 Shelves, Gallery Top, C.1900, 47 x 36 In.

Liberty, Gallery Top, Small Cabinet, Leaded Glass Door, 47 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Glass-paneled Door, Gallery Top, 55 x 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 638, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 6 Panes, 48 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, Through Tenons, Decal, 56 x 39 x 13 In.

Harvey Ellis, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Paper Label, 58 x 42 In.

Harden, 2 Sliding Doors, Inset Brass Handles, 3 Shelves, 44 x 15 x 56 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacked, Oak, 6 Sections, Cincinnati, 88 x 34 In.

George Iv, Mahogany, Cross Braces, Open, Turned Legs, 72 x 15 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Pierced Pediment, Doors, Plinth, 95 x 60 x 20 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 5 Shelves, Ionic Columns, 83 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Glazed Doors, Top-shaped Feet, 83 In.

George Iii, Gallery Top, Adjustable, England, 52 x 32 x 10 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, Rectangular Case, 3 Shelves, 1909, 56 3/8 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 36 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 703, Mahogany, 6 Adjustable Shelves, 58 In.

G. Stickley, No. 544, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 62 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 56 x 43 x 13 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, String Inlay, 3 Glass Doors, Early 20th Century

Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlaid, Glass Door, Mullions, 60 x 38 x 17 In., Pair

Cornice, 6 Beaded-edge Shelves, Cutout Feet, 78 x 54 In.

Clipped Corner Gallery, Glass Panel Door, 2 Shelves, 56 x 28 x 13 1/2 In.

Chippendale, Mahogany, Broken Pediment, Brass Screen Doors, 89 x 51 In.

Chippendale Style, Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, 13 Panes, 52 x 45 x 13 In.

Chinese, Rosewood, 4 Shelves, Mid 19th Century, 67 x 34 1/2 x 13 In.

Chestnut, Tapered Shelves, Keyed Tenons, 53 x 38 In.

Burl Trim, 3 Doors, 3 Drawers In Base, Shell Pulls, 105 x 76 In.

Black Japanned, Parcel Gilt, 3 Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 94 In.

Bamboo, Sea Grass Lined Top, 3 Open Shelves, 1880s, 36 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 2 Doors, Slag & Clear Glass, 4 Interior Shelves, 57 In.

Arts & Crafts, Center Glass Door, Narrow Side Doors, 48 x 13 x 55 In.

Arts & Crafts, 2 Doors, Leaded Glass, Inlaid Tulips, 52 x 46 In.

Walnut, Step Back, Beveled Doors, Hold 45 Drawers, 152 x 22 x 106 In.

Walnut, Scroll, Shell Cornice, Arched Doors, 2 Base Drawers, 1840, 67 In.

Walnut, Gilt, Conforming Molded Frieze, Brass Plinth, 52 1/4 In.

Walnut, Burl Columns & Panels, 2 Sections, 2 Drawers, 62 x 54 x 19 In.

Walnut, 3 Doors, Aesthetic Floral Columns, 1875, 68 x 19 In.

Walnut, 2 Glazed Doors Over 2 Drawers, Lower Doors, 84 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors, Burl Trim, Paneled Cornice, C.1880, 93 x 60 x 15 In.

Stickley Bros., Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Small Panes, 55 x 48 x 12 In.

Roycroft, 1 Door, 20 Panes, 46 x 16 x 71 In. ~illus

Rosewood, Open Shelves, Term Figures, Human Feet, 48 In.

Rosewood, Marble Top, 3 Glazed Doors, C.1825, 38 In.

Rohde, Exotic Wood, Ebonized Interior, Herman Miller, 41 3/4 In.

Rohde, Burl Veneer, 1 Drop Door, 2 Lower Drawers, 27 In.

Rococo, Walnut, Carved Arched Pediment, Foliage, 92 x 43 In.

Revolving, Walnut, Square Top, Slatted Ends, England, 43 x 23 x 25 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 2 Shelves, 31 x 19 1/2 In.

Revolving, Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, 31 x 19 1/2 x 19 1/2 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved Crest, Burled Side Panels, 74 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Marble Top, 2 Open Shelves, 34 1/2 x 44 x 11 In.

Regency, Celadon, Open Shelves, 3 Cupboard Doors, 64 x 20 In.

Provincial, Louis Philippe, Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, 91 x 65 1/2 x 19 In.

Oak, Silver Leaf Border, Geometric Glazing On Door, C.1900, 65 1/4 In.

Oak, Pine, High Turned Feet, Acorn Finial, 29 1/2 x 18 x 68 In.

Oak, Molded Cornice, Fluted Columns, Plinth Base, 93 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Drawers Over 3 Glass Doors, Carved Demon Heads, 52 x 84 In.

Michigan Chair Co., 2 Doors, 44 1/2 x 36 In.

Mahogany, Pierced Gallery, Glazed Bars On Doors, 1840s, 51 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Open, Twist Turned Columns, 3 Shelves, 64 x 72 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Molded Top Over Paneled Frieze, Tapered Legs, 70 In.

Mahogany, Molded Edge, 3 Shelves, Plinth Base, 54 x 115 x 19 In.

Mahogany, Marble Top, 1850, 55 1/2 x 56 1/2 x 16 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Grill Inset Door, Over Projecting Door, C.1835, 72 x 32 In.

Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Silk Lined Shelves, Late 19th Century, 76 In.

Mahogany, Glass Doors, Molded Dentil, Foliate Mullions, 97 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Cherry Top, Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 92 In.

Mahogany, 4 Doors, Wooden Panel, 121 1/2 x 89 x 19 In.

Mahogany, 3 Glass Doors, Adjustable Shelves, Praying Monks, 58 1/2 In.

Mahogany Veneer, Reeded Sides, Flower Blossom In Center, 26 In.

Louis Xvi, Tulipwood, Rectangular Marble Top, Open, 46 In., Pair

Lifetime, No. 7218, Mahogany, 1 Door, 10 Squares, 28 x 12 x 56 In.

Lifetime, Golden Oak, 3 Doors, Glass Panels, 55 3/4 x 55 x 12 In.

Lifetime, Double Doors, Paper Label, 42 x 55 In.

Lifetime, 3 Doors, Gallery Top, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 56 1/4 In.

Liberty, Triple, Spade Cutouts, 3 Shelves, Leaded Glass Door, 71 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, Oak, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, 53 x 12 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 53 x 12 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 644, Open, Mortised Through Sides, Decal, 55 In.

Jules Leleu, Burl Walnut, C.1928, 56 1/2 x 43 x 12 1/2 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, Inlay, 2 Glass Doors, 1 Drawer, 78 In., 2 Piece

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, Original Glass, 83 x 52 1/4 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacking, Leaded Glass Top Door, 34 x 47 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacking, 3 Sections, 34 x 49 In.

Globe-wernicke, Drop Front, Mahogany, 9 Sections, 59 x 84 x 11 In.

Globe-wernicke, 4 Stack, Paper Label, 59 1/2 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 4 Shelves, French Feet, C.1780, 93 x 49 In.

George Iv, Mahogany, Gothic Arch Mullions, 90 x 45 x 22 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 2 Astragal Doors, Molded Cornice, 84 1/2 In.

George Ii, Mahogany, Slant Front Top, 3 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 6 In.

G. Stickley, Overhanging Top, 3 Vertical Panes, 58 x 14 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Mahogany, 16 Panes, 36 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 543, Mahogany, 12 Panes, 50 x 12 x 56 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 56 x 43 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, 55 1/2 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, V-pulls, Red Decal, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Hammered Copper, 56 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, Iron Hardware, No. 718, 56 x 54 In.

G. Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Iron V-pull, Red Decal, 56 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt-edge Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Stepped Cornice, Glazed Doors, 90 x 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Molded Edge Top, 4 Shelves, 34 x 50 1/2 In., Pair

Empire, Mahogany, Marble Top, Bronze Egyptian Stiles, 1810, 36 x 50 In.

Empire, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, C.1840, 85 x 62 In.

Empire Gothic, Mahogany, Mullioned Doors, 4 Shelves, C.1840, 83 x 52 In.

Edwardian, Satinwood, Double Glazed Doors, Bracket Feet, 77 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, Inlay, C.1905, 60 1/4 x 66 x 15 1/2 In.

Eastlake, 2 Framed Glass Doors, Spoon Carved Finial, 92 x 40 In.

Colonial Revival, Rectangular Top, Foliate Scrolls, 1800s, 41 1/2 In.

Chippendale, Slant Front, Swan’s Neck Pediment, 4 Drawers, 77 In.

Chippendale, Robin’s-egg Blue, Black Flecks, 28 x 14 x 66 1/4 In.

Cherry, Step Back, 4 Glass Doors, Cornice, 110 x 78 x 17 In., 2 Piece

Cherry, Revolving, Inlaid Center, 3 Shelves, Lattice Sides, 43 In.

Carlton, Multilevel, Memphis, 1981, 72 1/2 In. ~illus

Bird’s-eye Maple, Birch, Glazed & Paneled Doors, 1860s, 85 3/4 In.

Biedermeier, Maple, Pedimented Cornice Over Doors, 76 In., Pair

Biedermeier, Birchwood, Brass Grillwork, 96 x 82 x 19 In.

Biedermeier, Birch, Stepped Cornice, 2 Doors, 1830s, 47 3/4 In.

Baker Furniture, Black Enamel, Brass Lattice Panel Doors, 35 x 35 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Upper Glass Panes, 2 Doors, 53 1/2 x 43 1/4 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, Floral Design At Top, Leaded Glass Doors, 82 In.

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 3 Shelves, Old Green Paint, C.1900, 55 x 25 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, Mahogany, 4 Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 92 x 59 In.

Arts & Crafts, Dark Mahogany, 8-pane Doors, 54 1/2 x 46 x 12 In.

Arts & Crafts, Center Glass Side Paneled Doors, Shelves, 59 x 67 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Shelves, 2 Doors, 48 x 36 x 12 1/2 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Glass Paneled Doors, 8-pane Doors, 55 x 55 x 12 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Glass Doors, 3 Shelves, 56 x 61 x 13 In.

Aesthetic Revival, Walnut, Carved, 2 Glass Doors, C.1870, 104 x 72 In.

Aalto, Walnut, 4 Shelves, Dowel Leg Support, 100 x 34 1/2 In.

Aalto, Plywood, 4 Shelves, Svenska Arteck, 100 x 59 x 34 In.

Aalto, Attached Table, Dowel Leg, 4 Shelves, 100 x 59 1/2 In.

Walnut, Maple, Carved Fretwork, Birds On Top, 1900, 79 x 47 x 15 In.

Walnut, 2 Sections, 2 Glass Doors, Carved, 1870s, 103 In.

Walnut, 2 Dovetailed Drawers, 2 Paneled Doors, Zoar, Ohio, 73 1/2 In.

Stickley Brothers, Hammered Copper Ring Pull, 50 x 35 1/2 x 12 In.

Stacking, Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, Leaded Glass, 4 Sections, 34 x 67 In.

Roycroft, 4 Shelves, Base Drawer, Light Finish, 65 x 14 x 9 1/4 In.

Rococo, Rosewood, Fruit, Foliate Carving, Mid 19th Century, 89 1/2 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, Inlay, 33 Shakespeare Volumes, C.1904, 6 In.

Revolving, Mahogany, 1910s, 44 x 20 x 20 In.

Renaissance Revival, Oak, Rectangular Top, 3 Aligned Drawers, 48 In.

Regency, Rosewood, Spiral Brass Molding, Paw Feet, 33 3/4 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 6 Doors, Rectangular Cornice, Key Border, 102 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 4 Graduated Shelves, 57 In.

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Paneled Doors, Molded Edge Plinths, 84 In., Pair

Regency Style, Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 2 Grilled Doors, 61 In.

Plexiglas, Rounded Top, 5 Shelves, 48 x 12 1/2 x 84 In.

Oriental, Bamboo, 3 Shelves, Red Lacquer, 44 x 14 x 57 In.

Onondaga, No. 320, Door Opposite Open Shelves, 42 x 35 In.

Neoclassical, Pine, Double Glazed Doors, Germany, 77 x 35 In.

Neoclassical, Fruitwood, 2 Paneled Doors, Ormolu Mounts, 86 In.

Mccobb, Maple, 2 Shelves, Platform Stand, 60 x 18 x 34 In.

Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Egg-and-dart Molding, 2 Drawers, 33 In.

Mahogany, Arched Frieze, Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 88 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 56 3/4 x 53 1/4 In.

Limbert, No. 359, 3 Doors, Gallery, Branded, 57 x 66 1/2 x 14 In.

Limbert, No. 358, Corbel Supports, Copper Pulls, Arched Apron, 57 In.

Limbert, No. 314, Leaded Glass Door, Paper Label, 54 x 21 In.

Limbert, 2 Shelves Over 2 Doors, Heart-shaped Cutouts, 47 x 31 In.

Lifetime, No. 7242, 3 Drawers Over 2 Doors, Wood Squares, 55 In.

Lifetime, 3 Glass Doors, Shelves, Decal, 54 x 54 x 12 In.

Lawyers, Stacking, Oak, Beveled & Leaded Glass, 5 Sections, 68 x 34 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, 56 In.

Herter Bros., Walnut, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 2 Base Drawers, 66 x 57 In.

Georgian, 4 Glazed Doors With Rosettes, Fretter Drawers, 87 In.

Georgian Style, Mahogany, Glass Doors, Busts Of Diana, 104 In., Pair

George Ii, Walnut, Mirrored Door, Slant Front, 4 Drawers, 81 In.

George Ii, Mahogany, 6 Doors, Dentil Molded Cornice, 1800, 93 1/2 In.

G. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, Glass Panes ~illus

G. Stickley, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 2 Oak Divided Panels, 58 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery, Tenon Sides, Label, 56 x 35 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, Label, 35 x 25 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes, Gallery Top, 56 1/2 x 48 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Paneled Doors, 90 x 60 In.

Cherry, Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves Over Short Drawers, C.1790, 62 1/2 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut, Gothic Glazed Bar On Paneled Doors, 72 In.

Arts & Crafts, Double Doors, Gallery Top, 3 Interior Shelves, 48 In.

Arts & Crafts, Chestnut, Oak, 2 Doors, Large & Small Panes, 55 x 42 In.

Arts & Crafts, 3 Doors, Copper Star Pulls, 55 In.

2 Glazed & Mullioned Doors, Late 19th Century, 53 1/2 x 40 5/16 In.

2 Glass Doors, Carved Oak Leaves, Acorns, Victorian, 73 x 37 1/2 In.

Walnut, Step Back, Cathedral Glass Panel Doors, 2 Drawers, 104 In.

Walnut, 2 Doors Over 2 Drawers, Mid-19th Century, 87 In.

Traveling, Regency, Oak, 2 Adjustable Shelves, Turned Legs, 47 3/4 In.

Stacking, 3 Sections, Early 20th Century, 34 1/2 x 14 x 48 In.

Rosewood, Step Back, Glazed Doors, 2-drawer Base, 98 3/4 In.

Rosewood, Ogee Cornice Over 2 Glass Doors, Scrolling, 1800s, 90 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, Carved, Incised, 114 x 101 In. ~illus

Regency, Mahogany, Arched Crest, 2 Pairs Of Drawers, Bun Feet, 47 In.

Regency, 2 Astragal Doors, 2 Paneled Cupboard Doors, 1820, 79 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Molded Marble Top, 3 Drawers, 82 x 22 In.

Queen Anne, Oak, Double Dome, Fitted, Candleholders, 81 x 38 x 23 In.

Pine, Continental, 108 In.

Onondaga Shops, Chestnut, 5 Shelves, 48 x 36 In.

Oak, Stacking, Quartersawn, 3 Sections, Macey, 47 x 34 In.

Oak, Stacking, Leaded Glass Fronts, 4 Tiers, Weiss

Oak, Molded Top, 2 Tiers, Slatted Sides, Plinth Base, 26 In.

Oak, Egg-&-dart Molding, 3 Masks On Frieze, 45 1/2 In.

Oak, Carved Front & Side Pillars, 3 Glass Doors, Shoe Feet, 60 In.

Oak, 4 Shelves, 2 Glass Doors

Napoleon Iii, Mahogany, Marble Top, Drawer, Carved, 1870, 58 x 18 In.

Mahogany, Revolving, Fan Inlay, 2 Open Shelves, Slatted Ends, 30 3/4 In.

Mahogany, 3 Sections, Glass Doors, Mother-of-pearl Pulls

Louis Xvi, Kingwood, Veined Marble Top, Cabriole Legs, 34 In.

Lifetime, Door, Small Panels At Top, Adjustable Shelves, 28 x 55 In.

Lawyer’s, Stacking, 3 Sections, 46 1/2 x 34 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, Cupboard Door, 50 x 22 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 645, 2 Doors, Copper Pulls, Handcraft Decal

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 643, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 39 x 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 345, Oak, 4 Shelves On Stiles, C.1910, 45 x 19 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Double Door, Onondaga Shops, 49 x 54 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 8 Panes, Gallery Top, Branded, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 3 Doors, 12 Panes, 73 x 12 x 55 In.

Hepplewhite, Mahogany, Glass Mullioned Doors

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacking, 6 Sections, Leaded Door

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacking, 2 Units, 53 x 34 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Lawyer’s, 3 Stacks, Drawer Base, 52 1/2 In.

Glazed Upper Doors, Short Lower Drawers, Animal-paw Feet, C.1825

Georgian, Mahogany, Arched Cornice, 2 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 78 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 4 Cupboard Doors, 98 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Short Drawers, Ogee Bracket Feet, 1840, 95 In.

George Iii, Molded Dentil Cornice, 2 Drawers, Bracket Feet, 94 1/4 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Mullioned Doors, 94 3/4 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Arched Backboard, 2 Graduated Shelves, 59 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Adjustable Shelves, Molded Plinth Base, 84 In.

George Iii Style, Mahogany, Lattice Glazed Doors, 85 x 73 x 17 In.

George Ii, Green Lacquer, Slant Front, 89 In.

G. Stickley, Oak, 16 Pane Doors, Safecraft

G. Stickley, No. 718, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Iron Hardware, 47 x 13 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, 56 In.

G. Stickley, No. 703, Leaded Panels, 3 Windows, 58 x 14 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, Double Door, Red Decal, 56 x 60 In.

G. Stickley, Double Door, Gallery Top, 9 Panes, 44 3/4 In.

G. Stickley, Adjustable Shelves, 2 Doors, Red Decal, 56 x 48 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Mitered Mullioned Doors, 8 Panes, Gallery Top, 56 In.

G. Nelson, Primavera Birch, Door, Shelf, 30 x 52 x 12 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt-edged Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Glass Double Doors, 108 In.

Empire, 2 Glass Doors, Cathedral Muttons, 1drawer In Base, 83 In.

Empire Style, Mahogany, Cathedral Door Panels, 4 Drawers, 83 1/2 In.

Elm, 2 Pierced Cupboard Doors, 2 Shelves, Pierced Apron, 78 In.

Edwardian, Mahogany, Glass Door, Swan Top, 1910, 55 In., Pair

Eastlake, Walnut, 2 Drawers, Glass Doors, 64 x 53 In.

Corner, Heywood-wakefield Co., 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1950, 40 In.

Cherry, Revolving, Danner Company

Cherry, 2 Recessed Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves, Poplar Panels, 72 x 53 1/2 In.

Biedermeier, Walnut Veneer, Glass Door, Scroll Feet, 69 In.

Bamboo, Sea Grass, 2 Doors, Ebonized Trim, Anglo-indian, 1880, 34 In.

4 Shelves, Lower Drawer, E.e. Hale Company, 61 x 35 In.

Walnut, Carved Frieze Over 2 Glazed Doors, Blind Doors, 53 x 84 In.

Walnut, 2 Drawers, Adjustable Shelves, Crest, 60 1/2 In.

Urn Finial, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, Mirrored Back, 80 In.

Urn Finial, 2 Glazed Doors, Shelves, Mirrored Back Over Drawer, 80 In.

Sheraton, Mahogany, Astragal Doors, Bracket Feet, 89 x 46 x 20 In.

Roycroft, Mahogany, 12-pane Door, Original Finish, 56 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Walnut, 2 Doors, 87 x 85 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Beveled-mirror Door, Bracket Feet, 68 In.

Queen Anne, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Mirrored Back, 44 x 80 In.

Ormolu Mounted, Ebonized, Glazed Doors, 4 Shelves, 83 1/4 In.

Oak, Swivel, Square, X-shaped Base, Casters, 60 1/2 In.

Oak, Stylized Floral Inlay, 1910, 65 1/2 x 67 In.

Oak, Stacked, 3 Horizontal Sections, Glass Panel Door, 47 3/8 In.

Oak, Single Astragal Glazed Door, Side Brass Handles, 25 In.

Oak, Open Front, Adjustable Shelves, 2 End-to-end Drawers, 60 x 60 In.

Oak, Crenellated Top, 2 Shallow Shelves, 1855, 48 x 58 1/2 In.

Oak, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 2 Long Doors With Glass, 55 In.

Oak, 2 Drawers, Openwork Leaf Carving, 65 x 42 x 13 In.

Mission, Oak, Revolving, Open Storage, 4-prong Base, 69 x 26 In.

Mission, Oak, 2 Doors, 58 x 43 x 15 In.

Mission, 3 Sections, Leaded Glass Top, 19 Drawers ~illus

Mahogany, Wire-grill Front, Bronze Mounted, 48 x 58 3/4 In.

Mahogany, Tambour, Hinged Door, C.1790, 80 In.

Mahogany, Panels In Double Doors, 2 Lower Drawers, Korea, 44 1/4 In.

Mahogany, Open Shelf, Ogee Frieze Drawer, 60 x 35 x 14 In.

Mahogany, Figural Carving, 3 Open Shelves, 2 With Doors, 65 In.

Mahogany, 3 Shelves, 2 Glazed Doors, Dividers, Ball & Claw Feet

Mahogany, 2 Parts, 2 Doors, Leather-bound Books, Shelves, 1820s

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Doors, 2 Vertical Panes, Casters, Label, 59 x 48 In.

Limbert, 2 Doors, 3 Adjusting Shelves, Dark Brown Finish, 58 In.

Lifetime, Mahogany, 3 Shelves, Paine Furniture Co., 45 x 13 x 55 In.

Lawyer’s, Walnut, Step Back, 2 Glass Doors On Top, Ohio, 59 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 3 Doors, Red Decal, 1908, 55 1/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 641, 8-pane Door, Keyed Tenon Sides, 55 In.

Jean Prouve, Aluminum, Lacquered, Ash, 1952, 72 x 60 In. ~illus

Golden Oak, Paw Feet, Scrolled Apron, 1-pane Door, 58 1/2 In., Pair

Golden Oak, Acanthus Leaves On Columns, Glass Door, 4 Shelves, 53 In.

Golden Oak, 5 Levels Of Open Shelves, Plank Sides, C.1890, 61 In.

Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, Stacked, 4 Sections, 61 x 34 1/2 In.

Globe-wernicke, Mahogany, 3 Sections, Label, 35 x 11 x 50 In.

Globe-wernicke, Barrister, Step Back, Sliding Glass Doors

George Iii, Mahogany, Glazed Mullioned Doors, Shelves, 82 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, 16-pane Door, Keyed Tenon Sides, Decal, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 2 Doors, Original Hardware, Decal, 56 1/4 In.

Ebonized, Silk, Brass Trellis, Victorian, 37 1/2 In., Pair

Duncan Phyfe Style, Eglomise Panes

Cushman, 4 Shelves Over 2 Doors, Pine Color, 79 1/2 In., Pair

Curly Maple, Walnut, Full Turned Pilasters, Beveled Glass Doors, 59 In.

Camden Cabinet Co., Oak, Stacked, 3 Sections, 44 1/2 In.

Cahoon, Brown & Yellow, 2 Hinged Doors, 1944, 67 x 42 In.

Biedermeier, Birch, Peaked Pediment, Dentil Molding, Glazed Doors

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 4 Shelves, Vertical Slat Sides, 39 In.

Art Nouveau, Walnut, Carved Thistle & Pinecone, 1900s, 74 x 86 In.

Walnut, 4 Doors, Burl Walnut Panels, Adjustable Shelves, 56 x 70 In.

Walnut, 3 Bottom Drawers, 4 Doors, Portrait Medallions, 54 x 96 In.

Victorian, Standing, Fluted Pilasters

Victorian, 2 Glass Doors, Base Drawer, 3 Shelves ~illus

Sheraton, Mahogany, Turned Legs, 1850

Satinwood, Brass Feet On Casters, Turned Legs, 15 In.

Rococo, Rosewood, Wavy Mold, 4 Shelves, 48 In.

Rococo, Mahogany, Bonnet Top, Leaf Carved Crest, 2-drawer Base

Revolving, 2 Tiers, Oak, Square, 32 x 12 In.

Regency, Mahogany, Glazed Doors, Plinth, 90 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Seaweed Marquetry, 93 In.

Oak, Victorian, 75 x 37 In.

Oak, Step Back, 6 Doors With Locks, 6 Drawers, 120 In.

Oak, Carved, Front Columns, Leather Fringe, 61 In.

Neoclassical, Black Faux Marble Top, 2 Drawers, Bun Feet, 51 In.

Mahogany, Tuned Side Supports, Lower Drawer, 5 Shelves, 48 In.

Mahogany, Glass Front Doors, Adjustable Shelves, 58 x 49 x 15 In.

Mahogany, Bowfront, 2 Shelves Behind Glass Doors, Paw Feet, 62 In.

Mahogany, 3 Glazed Doors, Carved Columns, Claw Feet, 55 x 72 In.

Mahogany, 2 Top Glazed Doors, Molded Cornice, 1845, 90 x 50 In.

Mahogany, 2 Glass Doors, Columns, Claw Feet ~illus

Limbert, No. 602, Oak, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, 52 x 34 In. ~illus

Limbert, No. 358, Double Door, 4 Glass Panes, 3 Shelves, 57 In.

Lawyer’s, Oak, 5 Glass Door Shelf Sections, C.1890, 74 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 12 Panes, 1905, 55 In.

Heywood-wakefield, Corner, Champagne Finish, 32 x 28 In.

Hepplewhite, Birch, 4 Dovetailed Drawers, Bracket Feet, 81 In.

Gothic Revival, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Panels, 1840-1850, 102 In.

Golden Oak, Quartersawn, 2 Glass Doors, 14 x 46 x 57 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, Breakfront, 4 Glazed Doors, 85 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Cornice, 19th Century, 90 In.

Georgian, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 69 x 48 x 20 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, Peach Moire Interior, Bracket Feet, 89 In.

George Iii, Mahogany, 4 Long Drawers, Bracket Feet, 84 In.

George Iii, Mahogany Inlay, Ogee Bracket Feet, 11 In.

G. Stickley, No. 717, D Door, 8 Panes Per Door, V Pulls, 55 In.

G. Stickley, No. 715, Gallery Top, 16 Panes, 56 x 36 In.

G. Stickley, Door, 3 Leaded Panes, Over Vertical Panes, 58 In.

Federal, Mahogany, 2 Doors, Compartments, Drawers, C.1820, 54 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Gilt Metal, 3 Sections, 69 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 61 1/2 x 30 In.

Double Glazed Doors, Lower Drawers, Walnut, 1850s, 94 3/4 In.

Classical, Mahogany, Cornice, 2 Glazed Doors, 19th Century, 92 In.

Classical, Mahogany, 2 Glass Crossbanded Doors, 1890, 57 x 48 In.

Classical, Flame Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors Over 3 Wood Doors, 1825, 86 In.

Chippendale, Cherry, Glass Doors, Locks, C.1875

Cherry, 4 Paneled Doors, Dovetailed Cornice, 91 In.

Charles X, Ebonized, Glazed Doors, Plinth Base, 8 Ft. 3 In.

Brooks, Cutout Sides, Original Glass Panes, 2 Shelves, 53 x 18 In.

Bibliotheque, Louis Xv, Tulipwood, Cornice, Plinth Base, 72 x 51 In.

Barrister, Oak, Per Section

Arts & Crafts, Oak, 3 Glazed Doors, 1910, 57 x 72 x 14 In.

Walnut, Bust Of William Shakespeare On Top, 3 Sections

Shaw Walker, Hardwood, Stacked, 3 Sections, 49 1/2 In.

Ridenour, Oak, Two 12 Pane Doors, Iron Hardware, 56 1/4 In.

Renaissance Revival, Walnut, 3 Doors, Refinished, 3 Sections, 1860

Regency, Rosewood, Gilt Rosettes, Reeded Columns, 44 1/2 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Double Library

Poplar, Skyscraper, Series Of Blocks Form Shelves, C.1930, 76 In.

Pine, Library, Center Shelves, Lower Paneled Drawers, 7 Ft., Pair.

Mission, Oak

Mahogany, Paned Doors, Slant Front, 4 Drawers, 81 1/2 In.

Mahogany, Open, Fluted Columns, 96 X 32 X 19 In

Mahogany, Carved Glazing Bars, Lower Cupboard, C.1835, 8 Ft.

Mahogany, Broken Pediment Top, Open Front, Shelves, 65 X 51 In.

Mahogany, 3 Shelf, Tapered Columns, Drawers, 67 X 35 X 17 In.

Mahogany, 3 Open Shelves, 2 Lower Drawers, Shaped Base, 67 In.

Limbert, No. 358, 2 Pane Doors, 6 Shelves, 57 X 48 X 14 In.

Limbert, No. 322, 3 Leaded Glass Doors, Gallery Back, 60 In.

Lifetime, No. 7219, Double Door, 4 Shelves, Gallery Top, 55 X 42 In.

Lifetime, Flush Top, 5 Adjustable Shelves, 54 X 12 X 28 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, 12 Panes Each, 60 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, No. 642, Open, 4 Shelves, Chamfered Back, 55 X 30 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 4 Glass Sections Top Of 2 Doors, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, 3 Panes At Top, 48 X 54 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 12-pane Door ~illus

L. & J.g. Stickley, 12-pane Doors, Red-brown, Gallery, 55 X 46 X 12 In.

Humphrey Whidman, Mahogany, Neoclassical, 4 Sections, 34 In.

Heywood-wakefield, Corner, 2 Adjustable Shelves, C.1950, 40 In.

Harvey Ellis Design, Oak, C.1904

Golden Oak, Leaded-glass Doors, 54 In.

Globe-wernicke, Stacked, 4 Sections, 57 3/4 In.

Globe-wernicke, Quartersawn Oak, Stacked, 3 Sections, 51 In.

Globe-wernicke, Poplar, Birch, Stack, 3 Sections, Leaded Glass, 47 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, Stacked, Drawer In Base, 6 Sections, 81 In.

Globe-wernicke, Oak, 4 Stacks, Glass-front Doors

Glazed Doors, Adjustable Shelves, Lower Doors, Mahogany, 7 Ft.

G. Stickley, No. 719, 2 Doors, 3 Shelves, Copper Hardware, 1907

G. Stickley, No. 523, Oak, 2 Doors, 1912, 44 X 36 In. ~illus

G. Stickley, 16 Panes Of Glass, 1 Door, Copper Hardware, 56 In.

G. Stickley, 16 Pane Door, Gallery

G. Stickley, 12 Panes Each Of 2 Doors, Iron Pulls, 56 X 60 In.

G. Stickley, 12 Glass Panel Doors, Copper Pulls, 56 In.

French Provincial, Oak, Molded Cornice, Carved Plinth Base, 93 In.

Federal, Mahogany, Mass., Early 19th Century, 42 X 39 X 22 In.

Empire, Molded Cornice, 2 Gilt Columns, 2 Doors, 38 X 16 X 78 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Step Back, 8 Pane Glass Doors, Cornice, 91 In.

Empire, Mahogany, Cylinder, C.1850, 7 Ft. 11 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, Triple Door, 3 Bottom Drawers, 76 In.

Dwarf Pine, Glazed Door, Bracket Feet, Victorian, 72 X 60 X 18 In.

Crafters, Carved, 2 Glass Doors, 8 Shelves, 60 X 60 X 14 In.

Cherry, Step Back, New England, 19th Century, 86 X 36 In. ~illus

Cherry, Poplar, 1 Base Drawer, 2 Glass Doors, 40 X 13 X 76 In.

Burl Walnut, Crest, Glazed Door, Cylindrical, Victorian, 96 X 34 In.

Black, 2 12-mullioned Pane Doors, Gallery, 56 X 60 X 12 In.

Black Walnut, Stepped Cornice, Neo-gothic Arches, 6 Ft. X 9 In.

Alligatored Varnish Finish, Stack, 4 Sections, Cabriole Legs, 62 In.

William Iv, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Arched Doors, Plinth Base, 1835, 76 In.

Wanamaker’s, Walnut, Revolving, Square, 19th Century, 57 X 24 X 24 In.

Walnut, Step-up, Triple, Mirrored Back, 7 X 6 Ft.

Walnut, Glass Doors, Molded Base Doors, Phila., 1865, 107 X 54 In.

Wallace Nutting, Oak, Leaded Glass Top, 4 Shelves, 5 Ft. 2 In.

Satinwood, Open, Inlaid, Spade Feet, 36 X 66 In.

Roycroft, Architectural Form, Applied Columns

Roycroft, 1 Door, 16 Panes, 33rd Degree, No. 086, 40 X 15 X 55 In.

Queen Anne, Walnut, Mirror Doors, 82 In. ~illus

Quartersawn Oak, 3 Doors, Carved Columns, Victorian

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 5 Stack

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 4 Stack

Oak, Lift & Roll Doors, 3 Stack

Oak, 2 Stained Leaded Glass Doors

Oak, 2 Glazed Doors, Lower Paneled Cupboard Doors, 92 In.

Neoclassical, Mahogany, Canted Corners, Brass Mounts, Russia, 22 In.

Mission, Oak, C.1910, 54 X 39 X 13 In.

Mahogany, Peaked Pediment, Glazed Doors, Germany, 73 In.

Louis Philippe Style, Walnut, 4 Grillwork Doors, 94 X 84 In.

Limbert, Single Door, 6 Panes, 4 Shelves, Copper Pulls, No. 377

Limbert, Oak, Backsplash, Wicker Panels, No. 801-22, 60 In.

Limbert, Oak, 4 Shelves

Limbert, 8 Pane Doors, Copper Hardware, 8 Shelves, 1907, 60 In.

Lifetime, Oak, Medium Finish, No. 727, C.1910, 56 X 48 1/8 In.

Lifetime, 4 Shelves, 1 Door, Copper Pull, No. 7360, 31 X 58 In.

Lifetime, 1 Door Overlaid With 10 Small Sections, No. 7218, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Open, 4 Shelves, Keyed Tenons, No. 646, 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 8 Panes, Double Doors, No. 643, 40 X 12 X 55 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 2 Doors, No. 645, Oak, 55 1/4 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Keyed-tenon, No. 641, 55 In.

Kingwood, Ebonized Fret, Lion Marquetry, 37 X 13 X 68 In.

Gustav Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, No. 716, C.1909, 56 X 43 12 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, Slab Sides, No. 542, 56 X 36 X 12 1/4 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes, Decal & Label, No. 716, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes Each Door, Oak, C.1902, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 8 Panes Each, No. 717, 56 In.

Gustav Stickley, 1 Door, 16 Panes, Decal, 56 In.

George Nakashima, Headboard, 2 Sliding Doors, 54 In.

French Provincial, Oak, Carved Doors, Beveled Glass Panels, 71 In.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Mahogany, 3 Gilt Edged Shelves, 1923, 48 In.

Federal, Mahogany, 2 Doors, 1810, 67 X 48 In.

Empire Revival, Mahogany, 1 Door, Fluted Flanking Columns

Eastlake, Walnut, Burl Veneer, 3 Adjustable Shelves, 31 X 11 X 63 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Base Drawers, C.1880, 66 X 50 In.

Eastlake, Ebonized Finish, 3 Drawer Base, 42 1/2 X 50 In.

Cherrywood, String Inlay, 2 Doors, Gothic Panels, 73 X 53 In.

Biedermeier Style, Birch, Part Ebonized, Open Shelves, 57 In.

2 Doors, 5 Adjustable Shelves, Quartersawn Oak, 99 1/2 In.

William Iv, Veined Marble Top, 2 Open Shelves, Mahogany, 43 In.

Step Back, Burl Walnut, 2 Glass Doors, 2 Side-by-side Drawers

Roycroft, Oak, Tabard Inn Library, 4 Sides, 1910

Rococo Style, Carved, Pineapple Finial, England

Revolving, Walnut, Victorian

Regency, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, Columns, Plinth, 96 X 50 In.

Quartersawn Oak, 5 Lions Faces, Glass Door & Pulls

Mission, Oak, 3-paneled Glass Door, Small

Mission, Oak, 2 Glass Doors

Louis Philippe, 1 Glazed Door, Mirrored Back, Fruitwood, 66 In.

Lifetime, 2 Shelves, Overhanging Gallery, 52 X 39 X 11 1/2 In.

L. & J.g. Stickley, Oak, 2 Doors, No. 645, C.1910, 55 X 52 In.

Hepplewhite, 4 Dovetailed Drawers, Walnut, Country, 84 In.

Gustav Stickley, 2 Doors, 16 Panes

Gustav Stickley, 16 Panes, No. 715, Paper Label, 56 X 35 In.

Gothic, 2 Doors, Carved Heads At Corners, Mahogany, 60 In.

George Iii Style, Mullion Doors, Chinoiserie, Japanned, 79 In.

Empire, Mahogany, 2 Glazed Doors, 19th Century, 57 X 48 In.

Empire, Floral Carved Cornice Over Shelves, Oak, 89 X 52 In.

Empire, Brass Mounted Feet, Bleached Mahogany, 1820s, 70 In.

Eastlake, Walnut, 3 Sections, 1870-1880, 132 In.

Danner, Revolving, Oak, Bucyrus, Ohio

Cylinder Top, Aqua Colored Glass Panels, Adjustable Shelves

Chippendale, Carved Mahogany, 2 Parts, Glazed Doors, C.1780, 98 In.

Chippendale, 3 Lower Drawers, Cherry, C.1800, 86 X 72 X 19 In.

Carved Mahogany, Victorian, 19th Century, 56 X 60 X 18 In.

Art Deco, Stepped Case, Walnut, 64 In., Pair

4 Tiers, Magazine Rack, Black Wood, China, 64 3/4 In.

4 Drawers, 2 Doors Of 8 Panes, Walnut

3 Doors, Carved Pediment Top, Walnut, 110 In.

2 Leaded Glass Doors, Walnut, Carved Winged Griffins, Paw Footed

2 Glass Doors Over 2 Drawers, Walnut, Burl, Carved Pediment

2 Drawers, Block Feet, Cherry, France, 30 1/2 X 78 In.